Question

which are necessary for a general signal cascade in the immune system to activate transcription

i. receive a signal that may be a soluble protein

ii. a membrane receptor

iii. protein kinases

iv. phosphatases

v. transcription factors

a) i, ii and v

b) i,ii,iii, v

c) ii, iii, iv

d) i,ii,iii,iv

e) i,ii,iii,iv and v

Answer 1

Option E- i,ii,iii,iv and v

A biochemical cascade, also known as a signaling cascade or signaling pathway, is a series of chemical reactions that occur within a biological cell when initiated by a stimulus.

Signal transduction is the process by which a chemical or physical signal is transmitted through a cell as a series of molecular events, most commonly protein phosphorylation catalyzed by protein kinases, which ultimately results in a cellular response. Proteins responsible for detecting stimuli are generally termed receptors.Kinases are enzymes responsible for this phosphorylation. Phosphorylation reactions often occur in series, or cascades, in which one kinase activates the next. These cascades serve to amplify the original signal, but also improving the signal.Phosphates are important in signal transduction because they regulate the proteins to which they are attached. Cell signaling transduction modulate the activity of many different types of transcription factors. One important group of signal-regulated transcription factors are the BZip proteins. ... These agents also seem to activate a signalling pathway that is initiated with the stimulation of membrane-associated tyrosine kinases.