Question

1.     What are nephrons and what are their functions?

2.     What is micturition? How does it occur?

3.     How could you assess if your patient has a full bladder? What is a bladder scanner?

4.     What is cystoscopy, intravenous pyelogram, and a renal ultrasound? Which one is least invasive?

Answer 1

1. Nephron

           Nephrons are the basic structural and functional units of the kidney.

   Functions of nephron

          * Nephrons help to eliminate waste products of blood through,

                     * Glomerular filtration

                                  * Glomerular capillaries of the nephron act as a filter for blood enter into the kidney.

                     * Tubular reabsorption

                                  * Both proximal and distal tubules present in the nephron help to the reabsorption

                                    of components in plasma which are needed for our body.

                       * Tubular secretion

                                   * Tubules also eliminate substances which are not needed for the body through

                                      tubular secretion.

2. Micturition

               * It is the ejection of urine through the urethra from urinary bladder to outside of body.

               * It occurs when the urine form in the kidney transfer via urinary tract to urinary bladder

                  presence of urine in the bladder result in stretching of bladder and stimulate somatic

                 nerve system result in relaxation of external urethral sphincter and urination.

3. Full bladder can assess through using percussion technique,if tympanic sound heard during

       percussion over the bladder indicate full bladder.

* Bladder scanner

                 It is a non invasive,portable ultrasound scanner which used to assess the postvoid residual

                 volume and normal range is below 100 ml.

4.Cystoscopy

           *It is a endoscopic measurement of urinary bladder through urethra.

    Intravenous pyelogram

          * It is a radiological examination kidney,ureters and urinary bladder after injecting a dye into the

            the venous system.

Renal ultrasound

          * It is a non invasive method of assessing the size,location and shape of kidneys and related

             related structures with the help of sound waves to detect abnormalities.

* All of these three diagnostic measures least invasive is Renal ultrasound.