Question

2. What are two differences between cortical and juxtamedullary nephrons? 3. How does the urethra differ between males and females? 4. A patient has lost a large amount of weight while ill and now has difficulty urinating. Describe how a diagnosis of nephroptosis affects the urinary system. 5. Describe the effect of an enlarged prostate gland on the urinary function of a male. 6. A woman with diabetes has been dieting for several months and has lost more than 25 lb. At her annual medical checkup, a urinalysis is performed. What would you expect to find in her urine? 7. What factors might affect the odor, color, and pH of a sample of urine? 8. Mike and Fred have been hiking in the desert all afternoon. While on the trail, Fred drinks much more water than Mike. If urine samples were collected from both men, what differences in specific gravity of the samples would you expect to measure? 9. A patient with a history of renal calculi is scheduled for lithotripsy. Describe her condition and the procedure she will have.

Answer 1

2. cortical nephrons have renal corpuscles in the middle of cortex but juxtamedullary nephrons have renal corpuscles near the medulla.

The major difference between cortical nephrons and juxtamedullary nephrons is the length of the loops of Henle. Cortical nephrons have a short loop of Henle, which enters only the outer renal medulla, but juxtamedullary have a long nephron loop that extends deep into medulla.

3. The length of the urethra is much shorter in women than in men, due to the anatomical gender differences in that area. In males, the urethra lenth is 8 inches long, while in females, the urethra is only 2 inches long.

4. Nephroptosis is a conditions of a person having kidneys moved downward from the normal position when they stand up. Nephroptosis is detachment of kidney from adipose capsule or renal fascia, it is also known as floating kidney that can droop and pinch ureter closed.

5. Prostate can enlarge as the person ages and swollen gland constricts the urethra, which increases resistance to urine flow. The enlargement of the prostate t blocks the flow of urine through the urethra.

6. I would expect to find ketones in her urine.

7. The factors which might affect the color, odor and pH of a urine sample include diet, medicines and certain diseases.

8. I would expect Fred to have a much lower specific gravity than Mike.

9. She has kidney stones and lithotripsy is a procedure where by using ultrasound shock waves, a kidney stone is broken into small particles those can be passed out by the body.