Question

1. Name two main pathways that macrophages contribute to the innate immune response.  For each of these pathways, name the molecules involved and which molecules recognize the infectious agent.  8 pts
2. Define inflammation.  Describe the signs and symptoms of inflammation.  Include a definition of endothelial permeability, exudates, extravasation and the role of cell adhesion molecules. 12 pts
3. Make a list of 15 different biologically active complement protein fragments.  For each fragment, name the parent complement protein from which it is derived and also its biological function.   12 pts

Answer 1

*Macrophage mediates inflammatory response, and phagocytic pathways. Increase in phagocytic cells may leads to fever also.

*Inflammation : Tissue , injury or irritation initiated by entry of pathogens or other irritants leads to inflammation. Inflammation is a positive immune response. The arterioles at site constrict initially and then dilate leading to increased blood flow. There is slowing of blood flow and margination of leukocytes, which escape into tissue by diapedidis and accumulate in large numbers by chemotactic substance. The symptoms include reddening( erythema), pyrexia (rise in temperature at the site), diapedidis , edema etc, tenderness and slight pain at the site.

Vasodialation is the first step . Diameter of blood vessels increase and as the vessels that blood carry from effected area constrict.This result in engogment of cappilary network.An increase incappilary permiabilty increase influx of fluid and cells. This xudates contain large number of protein. Accumulation of protein leads to edema.

Influx of phagocytosis from capillary to tissue facilatated by increased cappilary permiability. The emigration of cells are multistep process in which adherence of cells on endothelial wall occurs.This is reffered to margination.This is followed by emigration between capillary endothelial cells intotisdue called diapedsis. Finally migration through the tissue to the site of invasion called chemotaxis.The accumulation of dead and digested materials form puss.

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