Question

In: Statistics and Probability

Cloud seeding has been studied for many decades as a weather modification procedure (for an interesting...

Cloud seeding has been studied for many decades as a weather modification procedure (for an interesting study of this subject, see the article in Technometrics, “A Bayesian Analysis of a Multiplicative Treatment Effect in Weather Modification,” Vol. 17, pp. 161–166). The rainfall in acre-feet from 18 clouds that were selected at random and seeded with silver nitrate follows: 18.0, 30.7, 19.8, 27.1, 22.3, 18.8, 31.8, 23.4, 21.2, 27.9, 31.9, 27.1, 25.0, 24.7, 26.9, 21.8, 29.2, and 34.8.

(a) Can you support a claim that mean rainfall from seeded clouds exceeds 25 acre-feet? Use α =0.01. Find the P-value.

(b) Check that rainfall is normally distributed.

(c) Compute the power of the test if the true mean rainfall is 27 acre-feet.

(d) What sample size would be required to detect a true mean rainfall of 27.5 acre-feet if you wanted the power of the test to be at least 0.9?

(e) Explain how the question in part (a) could be answered by constructing a one-sided confidence bound on the mean rainfall rate.

Solutions

Expert Solution

a)

Ho :   µ =   25                  
Ha :   µ >   25       (Right tail test)          
                          
Level of Significance ,    α =    0.010                  
sample std dev ,    s = √(Σ(X- x̅ )²/(n-1) ) =   4.8593                  
Sample Size ,   n =    18   23.6128              
Sample Mean,    x̅ = ΣX/n =    25.6889                  
                          
degree of freedom=   DF=n-1=   17                  
                          
Standard Error , SE = s/√n =   4.8593   / √    18   =   1.1453      
t-test statistic= (x̅ - µ )/SE = (   25.689   -   25   ) /    1.1453   =   0.601
                          
  
p-Value   =   0.2777   [Excel formula =t.dist(t-stat,df) ]              

b)

so, p value >α=005, so

rainfall is normally distributed

c)

true mean ,    µ =    27              
                      
hypothesis mean,   µo =    25              
significance level,   α =    0.01              
sample size,   n =   18              
std dev,   σ =    4.8593              
                      
δ=   µ - µo =    2              
                      
std error of mean,   σx = σ/√n =    4.8593   / √    18   =   1.14535
          
Zα =       2.3263   (right tailed test)
P(type II error) , ß =   P(Z < Zα - δ/σx)                  
= P(Z <    2.326   - (   2   /   1.1453   ))
=P(Z<   0.580   ) =   0.71909469   [excel fucntion: =normsdist(z)      
power =    1 - ß =   0.2809053142

d)

True mean   µ =    27.5                              
hypothesis mean,   µo =    25                              
                                      
Level of Significance ,    α =    0.01                              
std dev =    σ =    4.859301437                              
power =    1-ß =    0.9                              
ß=       0.1                              
δ=   µ - µo =    2.5000                              
                                      
Z ( α ) =       2.3263   [excel function: =normsinv(α)                          
                                     
Z (ß) =        1.2816   [excel function: =normsinv(ß)                         
                                      
sample size needed =    n = ( ( Z(ß)+Z(α) )*σ / δ )² = ( (   1.2816   +   2.326   ) *   4.9   /   2.5   ) ² =   49.18
                                      
so, sample size =        50                              

e)

Level of Significance ,    α =    0.01   
degree of freedom=   DF=n-1=   17          
't value='   tα=   2.567   [Excel formula =t.inv(α,df) ]      
                  
Standard Error , SE = s/√n =   4.8593   / √   18   =   1.1453
margin of error , E=t*SE =   2.5669   *   1.1453   =   2.9400
                  
confidence interval is                   
Interval Upper Limit = x̅ + E =    25.69   -   2.940034   =   28.63


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