In: Statistics and Probability
Cloud seeding has been studied for many decades as a weather modification procedure (for an interesting study of this subject, see the article in Technometrics, “A Bayesian Analysis of a Multiplicative Treatment Effect in Weather Modification,” Vol. 17, pp. 161–166). The rainfall in acre-feet from 18 clouds that were selected at random and seeded with silver nitrate follows: 18.0, 30.7, 19.8, 27.1, 22.3, 18.8, 31.8, 23.4, 21.2, 27.9, 31.9, 27.1, 25.0, 24.7, 26.9, 21.8, 29.2, and 34.8.
(a) Can you support a claim that mean rainfall from seeded clouds exceeds 25 acre-feet? Use α =0.01. Find the P-value.
(b) Check that rainfall is normally distributed.
(c) Compute the power of the test if the true mean rainfall is 27 acre-feet.
(d) What sample size would be required to detect a true mean rainfall of 27.5 acre-feet if you wanted the power of the test to be at least 0.9?
(e) Explain how the question in part (a) could be answered by constructing a one-sided confidence bound on the mean rainfall rate.
a)
Ho : µ = 25
Ha : µ > 25
(Right tail test)
Level of Significance , α =
0.010
sample std dev , s = √(Σ(X- x̅ )²/(n-1) )
= 4.8593
Sample Size , n = 18
23.6128
Sample Mean, x̅ = ΣX/n =
25.6889
degree of freedom= DF=n-1= 17
Standard Error , SE = s/√n = 4.8593 / √
18 = 1.1453
t-test statistic= (x̅ - µ )/SE = ( 25.689
- 25 ) / 1.1453
= 0.601
p-Value =
0.2777 [Excel formula =t.dist(t-stat,df)
]
b)
so, p value >α=005, so
rainfall is normally distributed
c)
true mean , µ = 27
hypothesis mean, µo = 25
significance level, α = 0.01
sample size, n = 18
std dev, σ = 4.8593
δ= µ - µo = 2
std error of mean, σx = σ/√n =
4.8593 / √ 18 =
1.14535
Zα = 2.3263 (right
tailed test)
P(type II error) , ß = P(Z < Zα - δ/σx)
= P(Z < 2.326 - (
2 / 1.1453 ))
=P(Z< 0.580 ) =
0.71909469 [excel fucntion: =normsdist(z)
power = 1 - ß =
0.2809053142
d)
True mean µ = 27.5
hypothesis mean, µo = 25
Level of Significance , α =
0.01
std dev = σ = 4.859301437
power = 1-ß = 0.9
ß= 0.1
δ= µ - µo = 2.5000
Z ( α ) = 2.3263 [excel
function: =normsinv(α)
Z (ß) = 1.2816 [excel
function: =normsinv(ß)
sample size needed = n = ( ( Z(ß)+Z(α) )*σ / δ )² = (
( 1.2816 + 2.326 )
* 4.9 / 2.5 ) ²
= 49.18
so, sample size =
50
e)
Level of Significance , α = 0.01
degree of freedom= DF=n-1= 17
't value=' tα= 2.567 [Excel
formula =t.inv(α,df) ]
Standard Error , SE = s/√n = 4.8593 /
√ 18 = 1.1453
margin of error , E=t*SE = 2.5669
* 1.1453 = 2.9400
confidence interval is
Interval Upper Limit = x̅ + E =
25.69 - 2.940034 =
28.63