1. What are secreted proteoglycans found in the extracellular matrix? a. they are proteins covalently linked...

1. What are secreted proteoglycans found in the extracellular matrix?

a.	they are proteins covalently linked to any polysaccharides

b.	they are proteins covalently linked to fibronectin fibrils

c.	they are proteins covalently linked to any oligosaccharides

d.	they are proteins covalently linked to collagen fibrils

e.	they are proteins covalently linked to glycosaminoglycans

2. Which of the following signaling molecule is first produced upon activation of olfactory receptor neurons to mediate "smell"?

a. DAG

b. cAMP

c. IP3

d. cGMP

e. PIP3

Expert Solution

1) Proteoglycans are proteins in which the central protein core is linked to O-linked glycosaminoglycan side-chains. They can be divided into two classes —

a) The large proteoglycans: example aggrecan of cartilage

b) The small proteoglycans : example decorin, biglycan, fibromodulin, lumican, and mimican present in equine tendon.

The large proteoglycans have many highly sulfated glycosaminoglycan side-chains. These side chain forms interaction with water. The small proteoglycans are closely associated with the collagen fibrils. They regulate collagen fibril diameters.

Right option is e.

2) Olfactory receptor neurons are positioned within the nasal epithelium. Their processes extend across the mucosal surface. The receptor is a G protein-coupled receptor present in the sensory cilia. It is activated by odorant ligands leading to activation of G protein, Golf. This stimulates adenylyl cyclase III (ACIII) to synthesize cAMP. Increased intracellular cAMP opens a cyclic nucleotide-gated (CNG) channel. As a result, there is an influx of sodium and calcium ions causing depolarization of the neuron. The initial depolarization activates o calcium-activated chloride channels. There is and, efflux of Cl− from the cell. The depolarization in the olfactory cilia opens voltage-sensitive ion channels in the sensory neuron's axon hillock, resulting in the firing of action potentials. Neurotransmitter is released in the synaptic terminal in the olfactory bulb.

Right option is b. cAMP

gladiator answered 1 year ago

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