Question
In: Biology
A detailed explanation of the role of the Extracellular Matrix?
A detailed explanation of the role of the Extracellular Matrix?
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Expert Solution
Extracellular matrix - Extracellular matrix (ECM) is a non-cellular three-dimensional macromolecular network composed of collagens, proteoglycans/glycosaminoglycans, elastin, fibronectin, laminins, and several other glycoproteins.
Functions - It helps cells to structure them-shelf, giving tissues strength and structural integrity. They help cells to coordinate each other.
Integrins-
The extracellular matrix is directly connected to the cells it surrounds. Some of the key connectors are proteins called integrins, which are embedded in the plasma membrane. Proteins in the extracellular matrix, like the fibronectin molecules which can act as bridges between integrins and other extracellular matrix proteins such as collagen. On the inner side of the membrane, the integrins are linked to the cytoskeleton.
Integrins anchor the cell to the extracellular matrix. In addition, they help it sense its environment. They can detect both chemical and mechanical cues from the extracellular matrix and trigger signaling pathways in response.
Cell surface interaction - Cell surface receptors transduce signals into cells from ECM, which regulate diverse cellular functions, such as survival, growth, migration, and differentiation, and are vital for maintaining normal homeostasis.
Types- ECM can be classified into two major types that vary in composition and structure: the interstitial and pericellular matrices. The interstitial matrices surround cells, whereas the pericellular matrices are in close contact with cells.
Collagen - Collagen is the most abundant fibrous protein within the interstitial ECM in all animals.
Collagen Type Functions
- Collagen Type I - skin, tendon, vascular, ligature, organs, bone (the main component of bone)
- Collagen Type II - cartilage (the main component of cartilage)
- Collagen Type III - reticular fibers with type I.
- Collagen Type IV - forms bases of cell basement membrane
- Collagen Type V - hair and nail
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