Question

Should the following substances appear in the urine in large amounts? State YES, NO & why or why not to each substance. Answer them individually please

Glucose
Erythrocytes
Leukocytes
Protein

Answer 1

Glucose in urine

The normal amount of glucose in urine is 0 to 0.8 mmol/L (millimoles per liter). A higher measurement could be a sign of a health problem. Diabetes is the most common cause of elevated glucose levels.

A high amount of glucose in urine can be due to pregnancy. Pregnant women tend to have higher urine glucose levels than women who aren’t pregnant.Elevated levels of glucose in urine may also be a result of renal glycosuria. This is a rare condition in which the kidneys release glucose into the urine. Renal glycosuria can cause urine glucose levels to be high even if blood glucose levels are normal.

Erythrocytes in urine

It is known as hematuria.It is uncommon to find erythrocytes in urine.if found the followig can be the reasons :

• urinary tract infections (cystitis or urethrotrigonitis in female patients, urethritis or prostatitis in male patients);
• urolithiasis (formation of stones in the kidneys, bladder, ureters);
• vascular pathologies (renal vein thrombosis, kidney infarction);
• tumor processes (oncology of the kidney, renal pelvis, ureter, bladder, prostate);
• infectious processes (tuberculosis, malaria, endocarditis);
• glomerulonephritis;
• damage to the dilated vessels on the background of prostate adenoma;
• necrotic processes in the renal papilla.

Leukocytes in urine

Only very low levels of leukocytes, if any, are normally found in the urine.A normal range in the urine is lower than in the blood, and may be from 0-5 WBCs per high power field (wbc/hpf).

High levels of WBCs in your urine also suggest that you have an infection.Leukocytes in the urine could also suggest a kidney infection.

Protein in urine

The causes of protein in urine vary, and it’s actually normal to have a small amount of protein in your urine. Dehydration,Strenuous exercise,Stress,Fever and Extreme cold temperatures can also occasionaly result in protein in urine. At increased risk of persistently elevated levels of protein in urine may have the following medical conditions: Diabetes,High blood pressure (hypertension) ,Amyloidosis,Berger’s disease,Endocarditis,Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis,Heart disease,Heart failure,Hodgkin lymphoma,Lupus,Malaria,Multiple myeloma,Orthostatic proteinuria,Preeclampsia,PregnancyRheumatoid arthritis,Sarcoidosis and Sickle cell anemia.