Question

1) A. Myosin proteins (which are anions) appear in Jessica's urine. Tell why this is problematic and defend your answer by explaining the mechanism for the protein excretion.

B. In addition to a considerable amount of amino acids and myosin in her urine, Jessica also notices she’s thirstier and has higher urine volume than usual. Describe how her urinary abnormalities could cause this increase in water excretion.

Answer 1

1 A. It is highly problematic a person with proteinuria have unusually high amounts of protein in their urine. The condition is often a sign of kidney disease.

the kidneys are filters that don’t usually let a lot of protein pass through. When kidney disease damages them, proteins such as albumin may leak from blood into your pee. It can also have proteinuria when your body makes too much protein.

Protein in Urine Causes

Some common things can cause proteinuria. These include:

• Dehydration
• Inflammation
• Low blood pressure
• Fever
• Intense activity
• High stress
• Kidney stones
• Taking aspirin every day
• Very low temperatures.

Conditions that damage the kidneys can also make have too much protein in your urine. The two most common are diabetes and high blood pressure.

Other serious conditions that can cause proteinuria include:

• Immune disorders such as lupus
• Kidney inflammation (glomerulonephritis)
• A blood cancer called multiple myeloma
• Preeclampsia, which affects pregnant women
• A buildup of protein in your organs (amyloidosis)
• Cardiovascular disease
• Intravascular hemolysis, a condition in which red blood cells are destroyed
• Kidney cancer
• Heart failure.

Despite the extremely low resistance to water flow, the glomerular capillary wall very efficiently restricts the passage of proteins from the blood into Bowman's space on the basis of their molecular size, electrical charge, and sterical configuration. Large and negatively charged molecules are less readily filtered than small and electroneutral or positively charged ones. The mechanisms whereby normal glomerular capillary wall restricts the transmural passage of large plasma proteins have been extensively explored in the last 25 years, but a universally accepted theory has not yet been agreed upon. There is a consensus that the glomerular wall may be thought of as containing three barriers in series. Along its route to this filtration barrier, the filtrate first has to pass through the open pores of the glomerular endothelium, then through the highly hydrated collagenous network of the glomerular basement membrane (a molecular scaffold composed of tightly cross-linked type IV collagen, laminin, nidogen, and proteoglycans), and finally, through the filtration slits established by interdigitations of podocyte foot processes and covered by a complex structure called “slit diaphragm.

B. Jessica notices higher volume than usual due proteinuria she may developed a diabeties .

Diabetes mellitus (often simply called diabetes) is one of the most common causes of polyuria. In this condition, high amounts of glucose (blood sugar) collect in your kidney tubules and cause your urine volume to increase.

Another form of diabetes called diabetes insipidus increases your urine volume because your body isn’t producing enough antidiuretic hormone. Antidiuretic hormone is also known as ADH or vasopressin. ADH is produced by your pituitary gland and is part of the fluid absorption process in your kidneys. Your urine volume can increase if there is not enough ADH produced. It can also increase if your kidneys can’t properly control the fluid passing through them. This is known as nephrogenic diabetes insipidus.