given that proteins are manufactured by ribosomes and (in eukaryotes) are often subsequently dumped into the...

given that proteins are manufactured by ribosomes and (in eukaryotes) are often subsequently dumped into the lumen of the rough endoplasmic reticulum (e.r.), what problems might transmembrane proteins present in terms of shuttling them to their appropriate location? In other words, what can cells do to ensure that nascent hydroPHOBIC proteins make it to their final destination in a largely hydrophilic environment? Please number answers. Please do not screenshot a handwritten response. Please do not upload a handwritten cursive response. Text only. Please do not copy and paste. Thank you.

Expert Solution

1. function of transmembrane proteins in shuttling the proteins manufactured in ribosomes into the lumen of rough endoplasmic reticulum:

Membrane bound ribosomes are attached to the cytosolic side of the Er membrane making it into RER and they synthesise proteins that are being translocated into Er lumen.

The proteins are of two kinds.

a. Transmembrane proteins which are only translocated across the ER membrane and embedded in it. Some proteins function in ER but many are destined to reach plasma membrane and other membranes of organelles.

b. Water soluble proteins are completely translocated across the Er membrane and are released into the lumen.

Both the kinds of proteins are directed to ER membrane by ER signal sequnce and are translocated by similar mechanism.

Er signal sequence: N-terminal signal sequence is a short sequnce of amino acids that determine the location of a protein and directs proteins to enter the lumen of ER. It is cleaved off by signal peptidase after entry.

2. Transmembrane proteins are amphipathic. -that is they have both hydrophobic and hydrophilic regions. The hydrophobic regions pass through the membrane and interact with the hydrophobic tails of the lipid molecules in the interior of lipid bilayers and are away from water.

The hydrophilic regions are exposed to water on either side of the membrane and hence are capable of carrying the nascent hydrophobic protiens to hydrophilic environemnt.

gladiator answered 1 year ago

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