Question

This study was conducted to explore whether perception of money by preschool age children is influenced by their family wealth. This was investigated by testing how the children would recall the size of a coin, with the assumption that the size recalled related to the value placed on the coin.

To conduct the study, three local day-care facilities specializing in preschool age children were randomly selected. Consent forms were sent home to the parents of the kids, which also asked parents for their average yearly household income. Since everyone from the three selected facilities was used in the study, this is (Random, cluster, stratisfied, simple random) sampling. The income data collected was (qualitative, quantitative) data at the (Interval, nomial, ratio, ordinal) level of measurement.

From the parents who consented, the children were divided into two groups: those whose family income was greater than $40,000, and those whose family income was less than $40,000.

Each child was asked to draw a nickel. The resulting circle?s diameter was then measured. When the shape drawn was not a perfect circle, the largest and smallest diameters were averaged. The coin diameter data was (quantitative, qualitative) data at the ( ordial, nomial, ratio, interval) level of measurement.

The gender of each child was also collected. This data was (quantitative, qualitative) data at the (ordinal, nomial, interval, ratio) level of measurement.

Because this data was being collected at one point in time, this is a (terminated, continuous, cross-secrional)study. Since we are not imposing a treatment on the children, this is not an (experiment, observational study)

It is hypothesized that children from lower income families would draw larger coins than children from higher income families.

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Answer 1

Concepts

Measurement Scales

• Nominal scales: These are used to labeling variables that are of no quantitative value. For eg: shirt color: Red, Blue, Black
• Ordinal scales: In the case of ordinal scales the order is important but we don't know the differences between each of them. For eg: 1-Not satisfied, 2- No effect, 3- Satisfied. The order is important but we can't say how much satisfied is 3 compared to 1
• Interval: In this case, we know the order and also the difference but we don't have a true zero. For eg, temperature
• Ratio: We have an order, difference and a true zero as well

Sampling Methods

• 1. Random sampling is a procedure of drawing random elements from the population. Each element of the population has an equal probability of getting selected. Should be used but difficult to implement in practical
• 2. Systematic sampling: In this sampling, we count and number every element of the population and then take an element after a fixed interval. For eg, Randomly choose a starting point and then selecting every pth element from the population. It is easier than random sampling
• 3. Convenience sampling: This is the easiest sampling technique. We take whatever the data is available to us. This should not be used unless we don't have any other option left or we are in need of urgent analysis
• 4. Cluster sampling: In this sampling, we divide the population into geographical (often) groups which are called clusters. After grouping, we select any group randomly and take all the elements of that group. This is also called as Block sampling sometimes
• 5. Stratified sampling: Here also, we divide the population into groups, called strata but the grouping is done based on some common traits.  After strata division, we take samples from all the strata by any of the sampling methods described above

Type of study

• In an observational study, we collect data based infer some conclusions based on the collected data. We don't interfere with the subjects or affect the variables in any way. There is no convincing evidence to claim a cause and effect relationship
• While in an experiment, we group subjects and apply some treatment to one group and leave another group without treatment and then analyze the results. One of the major goals of conducting an experiment is to check for a causal effect between the two variables
• In correlational studies, we look for associations among naturally occurring variables without interfering with the variables.

Solution

This study was conducted to explore whether perception of money by preschool age children is influenced by their family wealth. This was investigated by testing how the children would recall the size of a coin, with the assumption that the size recalled related to the value placed on the coin.

To conduct the study, three local day-care facilities specializing in preschool age children were randomly selected. Consent forms were sent home to the parents of the kids, which also asked parents for their average yearly household income. Since everyone from the three selected facilities was used in the study, this is cluster sampling. The income data collected was quantitative data at the ratio level of measurement.

From the parents who consented, the children were divided into two groups: those whose family income was greater than $40,000, and those whose family income was less than $40,000.

Each child was asked to draw a nickel. The resulting circle?s diameter was then measured. When the shape drawn was not a perfect circle, the largest and smallest diameters were averaged. The coin diameter data was qualitative data at the ratio level of measurement.

The gender of each child was also collected. This data was qualitative data at the nominal level of measurement.

Because this data was being collected at one point in time, this is a terminated study. Since we are not imposing a treatment on the children, this is not an experiment

It is hypothesized that children from lower income families would draw larger coins than children from higher income families.

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