Question

In reference to migration policies

How prevalent is the policy internationally? What are the similarities and differences in implementation of this policy across the world?

(Please provide as detailed a response as possible, thanks)

Answer 1

International migration is likely to increase the range from persistent demographic and economic inequalities to revolutions in communication and transportation that increase mobility.

The growing interest in comparative analyses of migration has led to variety of attempts to assess and compare countries migration policies and governance.This effort also enshrined in Sustainable Development Goals (SDG's).

More than 10 million people migrate permanently or temporarily to G20 countries in 2018.

Preliminary data indicate a small increase in overall migration flows to G20 countries in 2018, despite a small decline notably in Australia, the Russian Federation, the United Kingdom and the United States.

In 2016, over 4 million international students were enrolled in tertiary education in the G20. More than half of international students in the G20 come from another G20 country.

At mid-2018, the global refugee population stood at 25.7 million, including 5.5 million Palestine refugees under UNRWA’s mandate. G20 countries hosted 7.3 million refugees, representing about 36 per cent of all refugees under UNHCR’s mandate. About half of them were in Turkey. To address the challenges associated with forced displacement and humanitarian crises the question of solidarity and responsibility sharing remains at the top of the international agenda.

During the first half of 2018, there were an estimated 879 600 claims for asylum lodged globally, including

646 400 in G20 countries.

On average, in the G20 area, foreign-born individuals are more likely to be employed than their native-born

peers (66% vs. 62%). In a majority of G20 countries, migrant women have lower employment rates that both native-born women and their male counterparts.  

New OECD on migrant stocks show that in 2015/16, a fifth of 150 million foreign-born residents aged 15 and over in G20 countries come from just five countries (Mexico, India, Bangladesh, Ukraine and China).

Almost one in three foreign-born have a tertiary level of education.

Some countries in Central America and the Caribbean or Africa have emigration rates of tertiary graduates

to G20 countries that exceed 40% and nearly 30 countries have rates above 20%.

What is more, there is a marked difference in the emigration rates of tertiary graduates by sex, particularly for those from non-G20 countries. The emigration rate for tertiary educated women is 20.4% while that for Men is 16.4%.

As compared to other financial flows, remittance volumes to developing countries are large and have risen steadily over the last 3 decades from USD 126 billion (1990) to USD 528 billion (2018).

Remittance costs continue to be over the SDG target of 3% globally