Question

introduction and background on the design of water supply system. Present the concepts of water flow in piping system focusing on energy equation (Bernoulli equation), head losses, and momentum. Support all the information with references. Provide the objectives at the end of the section.

Briefly present the main objective of this report. State the approach used to achieve the tasks focusing into the equations used in the calculation. You can evaluate your design through the results you achieved such as velocities, flowrate, head losses, pressure, etc. it is recommended to discuss the challenges and design limitation

Answer 1

● Introduction:-

Background of water distribution is too much ancient in development. The ancient Greeks constructed water supply lines made with tunnels and bridges are called as aqueducts.

The water supply system must be designed such that so that they can achieve appropriate water pressure and flow, and to avoid leakages and contamination to water which supplying through that.

● Concept of piping system:-

◆Pipe flow is the branch of hydraulics in which a type of fluid flows within a closed conduit.

Energy in pipe flow are frequently expressed in form of head and we called it as the Bernoulli equation. So the steady state incompressible energy equation which is known as the Bernoulli equation consist of three head velocity head, pressure head and datum head.

◆ Head Loss :- When any fluid flows through a pipeline, friction occurs between the fluid and the pipe wall. This thermal energy cannot be converted back to hydraulic energy, so by this there is loss in pressure. This loss of energy is known as head loss or major head loss.a

There are some other head losses called as minor head loss which consist head loss due to bends contractions, expansion, exits etc.

◆ Momentum equation in pipe flow is a based on the Newton's Second Law. In this equation there is sum of the forces acting on an element of fluid to its rate of change of momentum.