Question

Please answer ALL parts of the question fully with detailed explanations.

#Q5

a)Looking at the rat’s heart, how does the mammalian heart differs from those of reptiles? And from those of fishes? How similar is it to a bird’s heart?

b)What advantage has the mammalian heart over the reptilian heart? Use diagrams if necessary.

c) Compare & contrast both the skeletal systems and digestive systems individually in pigs, cats, and sheep.

d) pig vs cat :

1. What is the length of the small intestine relative to the body? Why?
2. What is the length of the large intestine relative to the body? Why?
3. Is the spinal column bent or straight? Why?
4. Are the legs straight or highly bent? And what is the length of the leg bones in each animal? Why? How do you think this relates to locomotion in each animal, or what type of locomotion is possible?
5. Is the body elongate or tall?

Answer 1

A) rat's heart is also the 4 chambers like mammalians heart two artrium and two ventricles .

-the circulatory system of rat's is also similar to mammalians heart

- mammalians heart consist of 4 chamber and reptile heart has 3 chambers ( 2 ventricles and 1 atrium )

- in mammals 2 different channel for oxygenated and deoxygenated blood so it's is warmblooded and maintain homostatis in our bodu while the reptile is coldblooded so their body temperature depend on external condition so the mammals can servive in harsh condition .

- fish heart is 2 chambers heart (1 atrium and 1 ventricle )  so in it and in it the blood is filtered by the gills .and in it the single circulation of blood occurs.unlike mammals have double circulation .

- mammalian and bird both have the 4 chambers heart (2 atrium and 2 ventricles ) so their is no mixing of blood occurs and both are warmblooded animals

B) as we know the reptile have 3 chambers heart and mammal have 4 chambers heart so 4 chamber are more efficient than the 3 chamber heart

- in mammals the double circulation is present so in it oxygenated and deoxygeneted blood circulate in diferent channals and didn't mixed

- due to seprate channals of circulation of blood human are warm blooded so mammals can better adapt itself in harsh condition

C) the digestive system of pig consist of -Small intestine, Cecum ,Colon

- The pig stomach is two to three times larger and the cardiac mucosa occupies a greater portion of the stomach compared to the human stomach. Both gastric and pyloric mucosa contain parietal and chief cells. The cardiac cells secrete mainly mucus.

and in cats - Small intestine ,Large intestine

sheep -Small intestine Cecum Colon

skeletal system

- pig- The two of them have 7 neck bones. The distinction between the skeletal arrangement of the pig and the human are the states of the bones and its position. While people are bipedal, the pigs stroll on each of the four appendages.

- cat - The feline's skeleton isn't so not quite the same as the human skeleton. The feline has more bones—230 as restricted to 206—however many are indistinguishable from those in the individual. Felines have 13 ribs; people have 12. Felines do have clavicles (neckline bones) in any case, in contrast to people, they are not joined to different bones. The outside of a bone, the cortex, is made out of minerals and protein and gives the bone its unbending nature. Inside the bone is the marrow hole that produces red platelets.

sheep - its skeleton is just like mammals skeleton system

D) pig vs cat

1 - pig -The small digestive tract of an infant pig is around 2 to 4 m long and will develop to 16 to 21 m when they arrive at full development. In the initial 10 days of life, pig's digestive organs are said to increment 80% long and 30% in distance across in this manner multiplying their absorptive abilities.

- cat- The small digestive system is long, around over multiple times the length of the feline all things considered. Only one out of every odd feline is normal and the individual length may differ. This length is shrewdly orchestrated to fit in a littler space .

2

pig - The pig has a moderately short caecum and a long colon, comprising of a rising, transverse furthermore, dropping colon. The caecum is a tube shaped visually impaired sac situated at the proximal finish of the colon. The caecum, the rising and transverse colon and the proximal segment of the dropping colon are masterminded in a progression of radiating and centripetal loops known as the winding colon. The caecum and proximal piece of the winding colon have longitudinal solid groups bringing about an arrangement of pockets (haustra). The rectum is installed in fat and is widened to shape ampulla recti not long previously finishing at the rear-end.

cat - the length of large intestine inproportion to body length is short in the cat in the ratio of 4:1 and in pig is 14:1

3

in the cat the spinal cord is bent that is close to the base of the tail may cause pressure on the nerves within the spinal column causing discomfort.

in pig is also bent

genereally the legs in cat and pig are straight

-  length of the leg bones in cat around 12 inches

-  length of the leg bones in pig around 50- 60 cm  

- in cat alternative locomotion is present

and in pig is independent type of locomotion is present

in both animals the body is usually elongated