Question

Write one-page essay discussing the following questions: all gene products are only proteins. We also learned that DNA (in the form of genes within the chromosomes) is controlling all the chemical changes, which take place in cells. that living things are composed not only from proteins, but from also other molecules like lipids, carbohydrates, and others are these statements contradictory to each other? And how DNA is controlling all chemical changes but it can just code for proteins?

Answer 1

There is no doubt that majority of the genes express themselves in the form of proteins (Central Dogma) and in this process DNA or genes get transcribed to mRNA inside the nucleus and the mRNA are then translated to polypeptides/proteins in the cytoplasm. Different types of genes encode different proteins and these proteins are known to perform diverse functions in an organism. These proteins may act as structural components, act as messengers, transport and store nutrents and act as biological catalysts (enzymes) etc. Out of the various functions of proteins, their role as biological catalysts carry much significance as they catalyze all the biochemical reactions that occur within an organism. These biochemical processes are related to both synthesis (Anabolism) as well as degradation (Catabolism) of biomolcules like carbohydrates, Fats/lipids, proteins, aminoacids, nucliec acids etc. All these molecules are under the direct control of DNA as the enzymes required for the synthesis of these biomolecules are highly regulated. Depending on the requirement for the synthesis of a particular biomolecule, the genes governing the synthesis of required enzymes are expressed (Transcribed and translated) and when there is no requirement for the biomolecule synthesis, the gene expression is switched off (Except the constitutively expressed genes which are continuously expressed as their gene product is continuously required in the cell). In this way DNA controls all the chemical changes which takes place in the cells maintaining the fact that it just codes for proteins. In other words we can say the DNA or genes regulate every activity of the body involving the proteins as the task force for carrying out the biochemical operations as and when required.

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