Question

Question 180

KRAS mutations in pancreatic cancer (choose all that apply):

1. are oncogenic
2. are inactivating mutations
3. typically prevent the hydrolysis of bound GTP
4. are the first to appear during PDAC progression
5. can lead to reduced HIFalpha expression

Question 191

Which of the following is an imaging test used to diagnose pancreatic cancer? Choose all that apply.

1. CA19-9 antigen screening
2. Whippel procedure
3. Endoscopic Retrograde Cholangiopancreatography
4. Computed Tomography scanning

Question 201

Immune cells can promote tumor cell proliferation via activation of:

1. STAT3 pathways that promote angiogenesis
2. NFKB pathways that promote expression of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs)
3. MAP Kinase pathways that promote cell proliferation
4. All of the above.

Question 210

Which of the following immune cell types plays a role in establishing a pre-metasatic niche?

1. TAM1 cells
2. neutrophils
3. Mac1+ cells
4. Dendritic cells

Answer 1

Question 180:

Answer:

A: Are oncogenic

C: typically prevent the hydrolysis of bound GTP

D. are the first to appear during PDAC progression

KRAS mutations regulate cell growth. When it binds to GTP it activates cell growth and when bind to GDP it inactivates cell growth. In KRAS mutations, it will remain bind to GTP and it turn into cancer. Genetically, it initiates the PDAC expression. Whereas, it gives positive feedback to HIalpha expression. Overexpression of HIalpha leads to development of cancer.

Question 191:

Answer:

A: CA19-9 antigen screening

C: Endoscopic Retrograde Cholangiopancreatography

D: Computed Tomography scanning

CA 19-9 level is carbohydrate antigen which increased during pancreatic cancer. Whipple procedure is used for treatment of tumor. Endoscopic retrograde Cholangiopancreatography include x-ray of stomach and pancreas. Computed Tomography scanning gives clear image of pancreas.

Question 201:

Answer:

D: All of the above

STAT3 help in cell proliferation and their migration. Whereas NFKB pathway help in metastatic process of tumors. MAP kinase expression increase in cancer as it regulates cell proliferation.

Question 210:

Answer:

B: Neutrophils

Pre-metasatic niche, provide a microenvironment to tumor to spread into other organs.