Question

Please provide a presentation, in table form, of the primary tissue types found in plants. Include the cell types making up each tissue type and provide a description of the tissue/cells and the function of the tissue. Make sure to include: dermal, ground and vascular, epidermal, parenchyma, collenchyma, sclerenchyma, xylem, phloem, vessels, tracheids, sieve tube elements, companion cells, fibers, sclereids.

Answer 1

Tissue systems	Tissues	Cell types	Cell features	Location	Function
Ground tissue system	Parenchyma tissue	Parenchyma	Many sided, thin primary walls, living at maturity.	Throughout the plant, most common type of cell and tissue	Most metabolic processes; storage, wound healing and regeneration
	Collenchyma tissue	Collenchyma	Elongate, primary wall unevenly thickened, living at maturity	In patches near outside of stems, along veins of leaves,	Support of young growing plant, flexible support for soft organs
	Sclerenchyma tissue	sclereid	Cuboidal, with thick secondary wall, either living or dead at maturity	Throughout the plant	Form hard layers of shells, pits of fruit and occur in small groups around wounds.
		Fiber	Long lignified thick secondary wall, usually dead at maturity	Associated with xylem and phloem	Support, storage
Dermal tissue	epidermis	Parenchyma,guard cells, trichomes	Specialized(open and closed stomata), cutinized outer walls, alive at maturity,	Outer layer of primary plant body, herbaceous plants,	Protection; usually single layer of cells, root hairs are out growth of epidermal cells
	Periderm	Parenchyma, cork cells, sclereids, cork cambium	Living cork cambium cells produce heavily suberized cork cells that are dead at maturity	Bark of woody plants, first layers beneath the epidermis, later layers deeper, many cork cambia, not a single cylinder like vascular cambium	Protection for older stems and roots, replaces epidermis.
Vascular tissue	Xylem	Vessel element	Elongate, lignified secondary wall with pits, dead at maturity, end walls with perforations	Throughout the plant, elements lined up end to end form a vessel in xylem	Conduct water and minerals; secondary walls add strength and support to plant body; principal cell type of angiosperm xylem
		Tracheid	Long, tapering with lignified walls, have pits, but no perforations, dead at maturity	In xylem through the plant	Principal water and mineral conducting element in gymnosperms and seedless vascular plants, of secondary importance to vessels in angiosperms
		Parenchyma, fibres	Thin walled, living parenchyma and elongate , dead fibers are accessory storage site.	In xylem through the plant	Parenchyma, storage, repair, fibers, strength and non conducting support.
	Phloem	Sieve tube elements	Elongated, primary wall only, sieve areas on end walls are called sieve a plate, living at maturity but lack a nucleus	In phloem through the plant, elements lined up end to end form a sieve tube.	Conducts dissolved carbohydrates and other foods in angiosperms
		Companion cells	Living with variable, usually elongated shape, primary wall only, connected by plasmodesmata to sieve-tube elements	In phloem through the plant, derived from same mother cell as sieve-tube element.	Apparently sends ATP and signal substances to the enucleate sieve-tube elements thus controlling cellular metabolism of sieve-tube elements in angiosperms.
		Sieve cells	Elongated and tapering, living at maturity, primary cell wall with sieve areas, lacks a nucleus, cytoplasm with much tubular endoplasmic reticulum.	In phloem through the plant	Conducts dissolved carbohydrates and other foods in gymnosperms.