Question

1.there are treatments for drugs such as antidepressants, antipsychosis, lithium. describe effect, area of use side effects.

2. in which way are prejudices against mentally ill people a threat the their health describe some examples.

Answer 1

Antidepressants

Side effects

Any side effects will likely occur during the first 2 weeks, and then gradually wear off.

Common effects are nausea and anxiety, but this will depend on the type of drug used, as mentioned above.

If the side effects are very unpleasant, or if they include thinking about suicide, the doctor should be informed at once.

In addition, research has linked the following adverse effects with antidepressant use, especially among children and adolescents.

Excessive mood elevation and behavior activation

This may include mania or hypomania. It should be noted that antidepressants do not cause bipolar disorder, but they may unmask a condition that has not yet revealed itself.

Suicidal thoughts

There have been a few reports of a higher risk of having suicidal thoughtswhen first using antidepressants.

This could be due to the drugs or other factors, such as the time taken for the medication to work, or possibly an undiagnosed bipolar disorderwhich may require a different approach to treatment.

The FDA requires that antidepressants carry a black box warning of this possible effect.

Withdrawal symptoms

Unlike some drugs, it is not necessary to keep raising the dose to get the same effect with antidepressants. In that sense, they are not addictive.

When you stop using an antidepressant, you will not experience the same type of withdrawal symptoms that occur, for example, when giving up smoking.

However, nearly 1 in 3 people who used SSRIs and SNRIs report some withdrawal symptoms after stopping treatment.

Symptoms lasted from 2 weeks to 2 months and included:

• anxiety
• dizziness
• nightmares or vivid dreams
• electric shock-like sensations in the body
• flu-like symptoms
• abdominal pain

In most cases, symptoms were mild. Severe cases are uncommon and are more likely after stopping Seroxat and Effexor.

Doctors should reduce the dose gradually to minimize the risk of unpleasant withdrawal symptoms.

Uses

These medications are used not only to treat depression but for other conditions too.

The primary, or approved, uses of antidepressants are to treat:

• agitation
• obsessive-compulsive disorders (OCD)
• childhood enuresis, or bedwetting
• depression and major depressive disorder
• generalized anxiety disorder
• bipolar disorder
• posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD)
• social anxiety disorder

Sometimes a medication is used “off-label.” This means the use is not approved by the FDA, but a doctor may decide that it should be used as it may be an effective treatment.

Off-label uses of antidepressants include:

• insomnia
• pain
• migraine

antipsychotics

Typical antipsychotics side effects

Side effects of antipsychotics can include the following:

• Stiffness and shakiness. ...
• Uncomfortable restlessness (akathisia).
• Movements of the jaw, lips and tongue (tardive dyskinesia).
• Sexual problems due to hormonal changes.
• Sleepiness and slowness.
• Weight gain.
• A higher risk of getting diabetes.
• Constipation.

Lithium (Eskalith, Lithobid) is one of the most widely used and studied medications for treating bipolar disorder. Lithium helps reduce the severity and frequency of mania. It may also help relieve or prevent bipolar depression.

Studies show that lithium can significantly reduce suicide risk. Lithium also helps prevent future manic and depressive episodes. As a result, it may be prescribed for long periods of time (even between episodes) as maintenance therapy.

Lithium acts on a person's central nervous system (brain and spinal cord). Doctors don't know exactly how lithium works to stabilize a person's mood, but it is thought to help strengthen nerve cell connections in brainregions that are involved in regulating mood, thinking and behavior.

It usually takes several weeks for lithium to begin working. Your doctor will order periodic bloodtests during your treatment, because lithium can affect kidney or thyroid function. Lithium works best if the amount of the drug in your body is kept at a constant level. It is important that the lithium level in your body not be too low or too high. Your doctor will also probably suggest you drink eight to12 glasses of water or fluid a day during treatment and use a normal amount of salt in your food. Both salt and fluid can affect the levels of lithium in your blood, so it's important to consume a steady amount every day.

The dose of lithium varies among individuals and as phases of their illness change. Although bipolar disorder is often treated with more than one drug, some people can control their condition with lithium alone.

Lithium Side Effects

About 75% of people who take lithium for bipolar disorder have some side effects, although they may be minor. They may become less troublesome after a few weeks as your body adjusts to the drug. Sometimes, side effects of lithium can be relieved by tweaking the dose. However, never change your dose or drug schedule on your own. Do not change the brand of lithium without checking with your doctor or pharmacist first. If you are having any problems, talk to your doctor about your options.

Stigma is when someone views you in a negative way because you have a distinguishing characteristic or personal trait that's thought to be, or actually is, a disadvantage (a negative stereotype). Unfortunately, negative attitudes and beliefs toward people who have a mental health condition are common.

Stigma can lead to discrimination. Discrimination may be obvious and direct, such as someone making a negative remark about your mental illness or your treatment. Or it may be unintentional or subtle, such as someone avoiding you because the person assumes you could be unstable, violent or dangerous due to your mental illness. You may even judge yourself.

Some of the harmful effects of stigma can include:

• Reluctance to seek help or treatment
• Lack of understanding by family, friends, co-workers or others
• Fewer opportunities for work, school or social activities or trouble finding housing
• Bullying, physical violence or harassment
• Health insurance that doesn't adequately cover your mental illness treatment
• The belief that you'll never succeed at certain challenges or that you can't improve your situation

Steps to cope with stigma

Here are some ways you can deal with stigma:

• Get treatment. You may be reluctant to admit you need treatment. Don't let the fear of being labeled with a mental illness prevent you from seeking help. Treatment can provide relief by identifying what's wrong and reducing symptoms that interfere with your work and personal life.
• Don't let stigma create self-doubt and shame. Stigma doesn't just come from others. You may mistakenly believe that your condition is a sign of personal weakness or that you should be able to control it without help. Seeking counseling, educating yourself about your condition and connecting with others who have mental illness can help you gain self-esteem and overcome destructive self-judgment.
• Don't isolate yourself. If you have a mental illness, you may be reluctant to tell anyone about it. Your family, friends, clergy or members of your community can offer you support if they know about your mental illness. Reach out to people you trust for the compassion, support and understanding you need.
• Don't equate yourself with your illness. You are not an illness. So instead of saying "I'm bipolar," say "I have bipolar disorder." Instead of calling yourself "a schizophrenic," say "I have schizophrenia."
• Join a support group. Some local and national groups, such as the National Alliance on Mental Illness (NAMI), offer local programs and internet resources that help reduce stigma by educating people who have mental illness, their families and the general public. Some state and federal agencies and programs, such as those that focus on vocational rehabilitation and the Department of Veterans Affairs (VA), offer support for people with mental illness.
• Get help at school. If you or your child has a mental illness that affects learning, find out what plans and programs might help. Discrimination against students because of a mental illness is against the law, and educators at primary, secondary and college levels are required to accommodate students as best they can. Talk to teachers, professors or administrators about the best approach and resources. If a teacher doesn't know about a student's disability, it can lead to discrimination, barriers to learning and poor grades.
• Speak out against stigma. Consider expressing your opinions at events, in letters to the editor or on the internet. It can help instill courage in others facing similar challenges and educate the public about mental illness.

Others' judgments almost always stem from a lack of understanding rather than information based on facts. Learning to accept your condition and recognize what you need to do to treat it, seeking support, and helping educate others can make a big difference

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