Question

how muscular/skeletal affected by
COPD write in 350 words

Answer 1

COPD. Chronic Obstructive pulmonary disease

A group of lung disease that block airflow and make it difficult to breathe.

In about 40% of patients exercise capacity is limited by alterations in skeletal muscle rather than pulmonary. indeed copd is often associated with muscle wasting and a slow to fast shift in fibre composition resulting in weakness and early onset of muscle fatigue respectively.

Although the disease is characterized by reduced maximum expiratory flow correlate poorly with exercise capacity.Half of the patient with mild to severe copd hsd reduced body weight, which could be related to loss of muscle mass and adipose tissue.Muscle atrophy occurred when the balance of protein synthesis and degradation shift to ney protein breakdown.The regenerative capacity of skeletal muscle is impaired with elevated circulating tumor necrosis factor levels.Tedtosterone ,an anabolic hormone were lower in copd patients.it is associated with muscle wasting.There is a decrease in maximal neural drive to the working muscle may contribute to muscle weakness.The oxidative capacity of vastus lateralis muscle is reduced.The oxidative capacity of upper extremity is not affected.The mechanical egfieffici of leg muscles is lower compared with upper extremity.In advanced stage energy metabolism is compromised by reduced levels of glycogen,ATP, and PCr in the quadriceps femoris muscle of patients with respiratory failure,bu b not in with out respiratory failure.

muscle fatigue can be defined as the inability of muscle to maintain a certain force or power output.Increased load and oxygen need of respiratorymuscle,reduced venous return during copd compete with impaired delivery of oxygen to limb muscles.

Disuse of muscles may result in wasting.It contribute alterations in skeletal muscle system.Disuse may occur because of the fear occurring dyspnea.

Due to difficulty in breathing and decreased oxygen uptake ,copd patients have severe hypoxemia resulting in muscle wasting.Hypoxia impair mTOR pathway which helps in DNA transcription and translation of mRNA into protein may contribute to muscle wasting.Hypoxia induces inflammation, causing muscle atrophy.

Many patients suffering from semistarvation,whi wh may cause elevated levels of circulating leptin negatively affect dietary intake and consequently muscl mass and function.