Organic Chemistry II: Please read the whole question and then answer with details and clear typing. NO HAND-WRITYNG PLEASE.

Not too long ago "free radicals" and quenching those "free radicals" was a big marketing push. We were told we needed to consume or apply antioxidants (in the marketed mixture of the day) in order to reverse or prevent free radical damage.

Please post a short description of an example of where some free radicals might originate and a potential antioxidant quench to eliminate them. Don't forget to discuss HOW the antioxidant would quench those radicals.

Your answer should be 150 words.

THE ANSWER MUST BE TYPED SO I CAN READ IT. PLEASE NO HAND-WRITING.

1. a. Number of unpaired electrons in a Co³⁺ tetrahedral complex, if it has weak field ligands?

b. Number of unpaired electrons in a Co³⁺ octahedral complex, if it has strong field ligands?

c. What kind of interaction is between CO and N2 (choices: ion-dipole, dipole-dipole, dipole-induced dipole, dispersion)

d. Vibrational transitions generally occur at shorter wavelength that electronic transitions. (T/F)

e. According to selection rules, which electronic transitions are allowed? (1s to 3d) (2p to 3p) (2p to 3d) (2s to 3s)

19.51 Find the pH during the titration of 20.00 mL of 0.1000 M butanoic acid, CH3CH2CH2COOH (Ka = 1.54×10−5), with 0.1000 M NaOH solution after the following additions of titrant:
(a) 0 mL (b) 10.00 mL (c) 15.00 mL (d) 19.00 mL (e) 19.95 mL (f) 20.00 mL (g) 20.05 mL (h) 25.00 mL

When air (21 mol% O2, 79 mol% N2) is placed in contact with 1000 cm3 of liquid water at body temperature, 37°C, and 1 atm absolute, approximately 14.1 standard cubic centimeters [cm3(STP)] of gas are absorbed in the water at equilibrium. Subsequent analysis of the liquid reveals that 33.4 mol% of the dissolved gas is oxygen and the balance is oxygen

a) Estimate the Henry’s law coefficients (atm/mole fraction) of oxygen and nitrogen at 37°C

b) An adult absorbs approximately 0.4g O2/min in the blood flowing through the lungs. Assuming that blood behaves like water and that it enters the lungs free of oxygen, estimate the flow rate of blood into the lungs in L/min. (answer: 59 L blood/min)

1) Why are alkynes considered acidic and then also considered good nucleophiles?…Aren't bases good nucleophiles?…” (Note: Explain the acidic nature of alkynes and how they can be converted to good nucleophiles. )

2) Explain the concept of Solvolysis in a way it is easy to understand

What is the energy per mole of photons of light with a wavelength of 812.4 nm? a.) 2.45 x 10^-19 KJ/mol b.) 1.47 x 10^2 KJ/mol c.)4.89 x 10^14 KJ/mol d.) 2.22 x 10^35 KJ/mol e.) 3.69 x10^14 KJ/mol (please show work)

Which has the smallest Zeff for its valence electrons?
A) F
B) Cl
C) Br
D) I
E) A-D all have the same Zeff

1)Using average bond enthalpies, predict which of the following reactions will be most exothermic:

a) C(g) + 2 F2(g)

b) CO(g) +3 F2(g) CF4(g) + OF2(g)

c) CO2(g) + 4 F2(g) CF4(g) + 2 OF2(g)

2) Ammonia is produced directly from nitrogen and hydrogen. The chemical reaction is N2(g) + 3 H2(g) 2 NH3(g)

N≡N

a) Use Table 8.4 p 326 in textbook (or you can find the table in the chapter 5 slides on the UR course), to estimate the enthalpy change using the bond enthalpy for the reaction. Is it exothermic or endothermic?

b) Calculate the standard enthalpy change for this reaction, using standard enthalpies of formation ΔHf°.

Please show step by step solution. Thanks!

Titrate 100.0mL of 0.0500M Fe2+ with 0.100M Ce4+. The equivalence point is when volume of Ce4+ added is 50.0mL. Find the voltage of the cell at the following points: a. 20.0mL b. 36.0mL c. 50.0mL d. 51.0mL e. 63.0mL

The automobile fuel called E85 consists of 85% ethanol and 15% gasoline. E85 can be used in so-called flex-fuel vehicles (FFVs), which can use gasoline, ethanol, or a mix as fuels. Assume that gasoline consists of a mixture of octanes (different isomers of C8H18), that the average heat of combustion of C8H18(l) is 5400 kJ/mol, and that gasoline has an average density of 0.70 g/mL. The density of ethanol is 0.79 g/mL.

Part C Assume that the density and heat of combustion of E85 can be obtained by using 85% of the values for ethanol and 15% of the values for gasoline. How much energy could be released by the combustion of 3.0 L of E85?

(A) The volume of water needed to dissolve 0.0510 grams of magnesium fluoride is ____  L.

Assume no volume change upon addition of the solid.

(B) A 16.3 mL sample of a 0.494 M aqueous nitrous acid solution is titrated with a 0.320 M aqueous potassium hydroxidesolution. What is the pH at the start of the titration, before any potassium hydroxide has been added?

pH = ?

1) Succinyl-CoA inhibits both citrate synthase and α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase. How is succinyl-CoA able to inhibit both enzymes?

Here are four problems (5 pts each) involving the calculation of DG°' for metabolic reactions we have discussed, based on experimentally determined redox potentials. Calculate the DG°' for each reaction using the equation DG°' = -nFDE₀' and the values for E₀' given in Table 1. Show your work and circle your answer.

Table 1. Reduction potentials for reduction half reactions:

1/2 O₂ + 2H⁺ + 2e^- ® H₂O                                              E₀' = +0.82 V

fumarate + 2H⁺ + 2e^- ® succinate                                  E₀' = +0.03 V

oxaloacetate + 2H⁺ + 2e^- ® malate                                 E₀' = -0.17 V

pyruvate + 2H⁺ + 2e^- ® lactate                                       E₀' = -0.19 V

a-ketoglutarate + CO₂ + 2H⁺ + 2e^- ® isocitrate               E₀' = -0.38 V

FAD + 2H⁺ + 2e^- ® FADH₂                                             E₀' = -0.22 V

NAD⁺ + 2H⁺ + 2e^- ® NADH + H⁺                                    E₀' = -0.32 V

CoQ + 2H⁺ + 2e^- ® CoQH₂                                            E₀' = +0.06 V

Problem 3. malate + NAD⁺ ® oxaloacetate + NADH + H⁺

Problem 4. FADH₂ + CoQ ® FAD + CoQH₂

A buffered solution contains 0.25 M NH3 (Kb = 1.8 x 10-5 ) and 0.40 M NH4Cl.

a. Calculate the pH of this solution.

b. Calculate the pH of the solution that results when 0.20 mole of gaseous HCl is added to 1.0 L of the buffered solution from part a