4.12 Production of 1,3-propanediol

A process for microbial synthesis of 1,3-propanediol is being developed for the manufacture of 'green' polyester fabric from renewable resources. Under anaerobic conditions, a selected strain of Klebsiella pneumoniae converts glycerol ((231-1803) to 1,3-propanedi01 (C3H802) and acetic acid (C2H402), with minimal formation of other fermentation products such as butyric acid, ethanol, and 1-12 gas. The fermentation and cell growth equation can be written as:

                 68 C3H803 + 3 NH3 = 3 C4H702N + 49 C3H802 + 15 C2H402 + 15 C02 + 40 H20

where C4H702N represents the biomass.

A continuous fermenter is set up for 1,3-propanediol production at 37^o c and atmospheric pressure. Anaerobic conditions are maintained by sparging the broth with nitrogen gas at a flow rate of 1000 litres min—I. The feed rate of medium into the fermenter is 1000 kg h—l; the medium contains ammonia and 14% w/ w glycerol. The yield of 1,3propanediol is strongly affected by glycerol concentration, which must be kept above a certain level to suppress the formation of undesired by-products. Accordingly, the fermentation process is designed so that the product stream contains an unreacted glycerol concentration of 3% w/ w.

A: What is the volumetric flow rate and composition of the off-gas?

B: What minimum concentration of NH3 is needed in the feed stream?

C: If the NH3 concentration from (b) is used, what is the concentration of 1,3-propanediol in the product stream?

An equilibrium mixture of PCl5(g), PCl3(g), and Cl2(g) has partial pressures of 217.0 Torr, 13.2 Torr, and 13.2 Torr, respectively. A quantity of Cl2(g) is injected into the mixture, and the total pressure jumps to 263.0 Torr (at the moment of mixing). The system then re-equilibrates. The appropriate chemical equation is PCl3(g)+Cl2(g) <---> PCl5(g)

Calculate the new partial pressures after equilibrium is reestablished. Answers in Torr

At a certain temperature, the Kp for the decomposition of H2S is 0.842.

Initially, only H2S is present at a pressure of 0.126 atm in a closed container. What is the total pressure in the container at equilibrium?

H2S (g) <---> H2(g) + S(g)

Suppose 25.00 mL of 0.0500 M CH₃NH₂ (K_b = 4.4 × 10^-4) is titrated with 0.0625 M HCl.

How many millimoles of CH₃NH₂ are present initially?

How many millimoles of HCl are required to reach the equivalence point?

What is the equivalence point (in mL)?

What is the total volume (in mL) of analyte solution at the equivalence point?

At the equivalence point, which are the principal species present (excluding Cl^-)?

Select one:

a. H₂O and CH₃NH₂

b. H₂O and CH₃NH₃⁺

c. H₂O, H₃O⁺ and CH₃NH₃⁺

d. H₂O, H₃O⁺ and CH₃NH₂

e. H₂O, H₃O⁺, CH₃NH₂, and CH₃NH₃⁺

What is the pH at the equivalence point?

Calculate deltaS total for the isothermal irreversible free expansion of 1.00 mol of ideal gas from 8.0 L to 20.0 L at 298 K

How would you prepare 250ml of 0.035M sodium sulfate solution? Describe steps starting from calculating amount of sodium sulfate to final volume. What is the ionic strength of this solution (assuming the salt is ionized completely). (MW of Sodium sulfate (decahydrate) = 322.20)

“Dry air” is defined as air with no water vapor, and the molecular weight of air, Mair = 28.97 kg/kmol, is for dry air (zero humidity). “Wet air” is typically defined as air with 100% humidity.

(a) Calculate the mol fraction of water vapor in wet air at STP conditions. Give your answer in units of PPM to three significant digits.

(b) Compare the molecular weight of dry air and wet air at STP conditions. Which air is heavier? Explain. Comment about how humid air feels compared to dry air. In particular, in the summer time most people say that high-humidity air feels “thicker” or “heavier” than low-humidity air at the same temperature. Does this feeling agree with your calculations?

Find ∆H and ∆S for the following data.

Calculate percent errors for the enthalpy and entropy of reaction using the following literature values: ∆H = 110 kJ/mol, ∆S = 380J/mol*K

Standardized HCl = .5087M

Ksp = [Na^+]^2[Borox^2-]

ln(Ksp) = -∆H/RT + ∆S/R

Temperature of solution;Amount of HCl needed to titrate borox;Volume aliquot

Trial 1 - 295K;2.50mL;5.8mL

Trial 2 - 316K;5.76mL;5.4mL

Trial 3 - 309K;4.57mL;5.6mL

Trial 4 - 305K;4.34mL;6.5mL

Trial 5 - 311K;7.70mL;5.8mL

Trial 6 - 310K;7.73mL;6.1mL

After I calculated everything and graphed it, I got ∆S to be 14.5495 J and I got ∆H to be 4,306 J.

My R^2 value was .415

My equation for best fit line was y = -5.18E+02x + 1.75E+00.

Please help me with this problem as I feel like I've done it totally wrong.

You want to decaffeinate your coffee by extracting the caffeine outwith dichloromethane. It's too late to extract the caffeinefrom the coffee beans because you've already brewed yourself a 200mL cup of coffee. Your particular brand of coffee contains100 mg of caffeine in that 200mL cup. The partitioncoefficient of caffeine in dichloromethane/water is 9.0. How much caffeine would still be in your 200 mL if you did: A. One extraction using 200 mL ofdichloromethane B. Two extractions using 100 mL ofdichloromethan each. Please show all steps! Thank you!

Explain how the internal entropy of a biomolecule can be approximated by S = k ln w

The boiling point of an aqueous solution is 102.34 °C. What is the freezing point?

Carbon fossil fuels are utilized to power our vehicles, make oil, and even t-shirts. The EPA has determined that a car transforms a gallon of octane (C8H18) to 33.7 kWh (kilowatt*hours, an expression of energy) in order to power a vehicle.

1. Provide the balanced equation for the complete combustion of octane.

2. If a truck is able to drive 360 miles on a tank of octane (22 gallons) how much energy is needed to move the vehicle one mile? What mass of CO2 is produced per gallon of octane? (the density of octane is 0.703 g/mL)

3. According to the L.A times there are 253 million cars on American roads. Assuming that each car is driven 50 miles each day, five days a week determine the mass and volume of the CO2 produced and mass of octane needed to power them for a year (assuming 20 miles per gallon)?

Calculate the frequency of the light emitted when an electron in a hydrogen atom makes each of the following transitions. Express in inverse seconds.

a) n=4?n=3

b) n=5?n=1

c) n=5?n=4

d) n=6?n=5

describe how a human body and its processes act like a voltaic and electrolytic cell?

Balance this redox by half reaction method

KIO4 + KI + ? KCl + I2

Please show the steps and detail along the way