Question

Based on Sociological theory:

1. What does Stuart Hall mean by encoding and decoding?

2. What does Edward Said's definition of Orientalism tell us about how we make comparisons between different countries and cultures?

Answer 1

1.

His model claims that TV and other media crowds are given messages that are decoded, or deciphered in various routes relying upon a person's social foundation, financial standing, and individual encounters. Rather than other media speculations that sabotage groups of onlookers, Hall recommended that gathering of people individuals can assume a dynamic part in decoding messages as they depend without anyone else social settings, and may be fit for changing messages themselves through aggregate activity. In less complex terms, encoding/decoding is the interpretation of a message that is effectively caught on. When you decode a message, you extricate the importance of that message in ways that sound good to you. Decoding has both verbal and non-verbal types of correspondence: Decoding conduct without utilizing words implies watching non-verbal communication and its related feelings. For instance, some non-verbal communication signs for when somebody is disturbed, furious, or focused would be an utilization of exorbitant hand/arm developments, red in the face, crying, and even once in a while quiet. In some cases when somebody is endeavoring to get a message crosswise over to somebody, the message can be translated uniquely in contrast to individual to individual. Decoding is about the comprehension of what somebody definitely knows, in light of the data given all through the message being gotten. Regardless of whether there is an expansive crowd or trading a message to one individual, decoding is the way toward getting, engrossing, understanding, and now and then utilizing the data that was given all through a verbal or non-verbal message.

For instance, since commercials can have numerous layers of importance, they can be decoded in different ways and can mean something other than what's expected to various people.[2] Hall asserts that the decoding subject can accept three unique positions: Dominant/hegemonic position, arranged position, and oppositional position.

2.

Orientalism" is a method for seeing that envisions, underlines, misrepresents and twists contrasts of Arab people groups and cultures when contrasted with that of Europe and the U.S. It regularly includes seeing Arab culture as intriguing, in reverse, uncouth, and now and again perilous. Edward W. Stated, in his historic book, Orientalism, characterized it as the acknowledgment in the West of "the essential qualification amongst East and West as the beginning stage for expand hypotheses, sagas, books, social portrayals, and political records concerning the Orient, its kin, traditions, 'mind,' predetermination et cetera."

As indicated by Said, Orientalism dates from the time of European Enlightenment and colonization of the Arab World. Orientalism gave a legitimization to European imperialism in light of a self-serving history in which "the West" built "the East" as greatly unique and mediocre, and accordingly needing Western intercession or "save".

Cases of early Orientalism can be found in European artworks and photos and furthermore in pictures from the World's Fair in the U.S. in the nineteenth and mid twentieth hundreds of years.