Explain how the sympathetic nervous system (and endocrine
system) act directly to regulate heart rate and thus cardiac
output. Include a detailed description of the mechanism (include
the target cells, the proteins, signaling molecules, ions, and
changes in membrane pontial where appropriate) and explain how the
mechanism operates to alter heart rate.Explain how the
parasympathetic nervous system acts to directly regulate cardiac
output (1 mechanism). Discuss each mechanism separately including a
detailed description of each mechanism (include the target cells,...