In: Anatomy and Physiology
Explain how the sympathetic nervous system (and endocrine system) act Directly to regulate heart rate and thus cardiac
output. Include a detailed description of the mechanism (include the target cells, the proteins, signaling molecules, ions,
and changes in membrane pontial where appropriate) and explain how the mechanism operates to alter heart rate.
Explain how the parasympathetic nervous system acts to Directly regulate cardiac output (1 mechanism).
Discuss each mechanism separately including a detailed description of each mechanism (include the target cells,
the proteins, signaling molecules, ions, and changes in membrane pontial where appropriate). Make clear how
each affects cardiac output. This should require about half a page.