Question

In: Anatomy and Physiology

Explain how the sympathetic nervous system (and endocrine system) act Directly to regulate heart rate and...

Explain how the sympathetic nervous system (and endocrine system) act Directly to regulate heart rate and thus cardiac

output. Include a detailed description of the mechanism (include the target cells, the proteins, signaling molecules, ions,

and changes in membrane pontial where appropriate) and explain how the mechanism operates to alter heart rate.

Explain how the parasympathetic nervous system acts to Directly regulate cardiac output (1 mechanism).

Discuss each mechanism separately including a detailed description of each mechanism (include the target cells,

the proteins, signaling molecules, ions, and changes in membrane pontial where appropriate). Make clear how

each affects cardiac output. This should require about half a page.

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Expert Solution

Sydney Mullin answered 11 months ago
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