Question

Module Readings: Chapter 13 (Pediatric Health Conditions) page 216 and in Chapter 25 (Sensory Processing and Integration) of Solomon.

Module Objectives:

1. Explain the signs and symptoms of Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD)
2. Describe how ASD affects: communication, learning, social participation, ADLs, and play.
3. Define the basic principles underlying sensory integration theory, assessment, and treatment
4. Describe sensory-motor, perceptual-motor, environmental adaptations, and other approaches used in alleviating sensory processing disorders.
5. Articulate the role of the certified occupational therapy assistant in working with children who have sensory processing disorders.
6. Describe the taxonomy of sensory processing disorders, including sensory modulation, sensory discrimination, and sensory-based motor disorders.
7. Explain screening, observational assessment, and sensory integration-based intervention strategies for addressing difficulties in sensory modulation.
8. Articulate general observational assessment and intervention strategies for addressing sensory-based movement disorders of bilateral integration and praxis.

Answer 1

#. Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD)

Neurodevelopmental conditions diagnosed on the basis of a dyad of behavioural impairments: impaired social-communication, alongside unusually narrow and repetitive interests and activities.

Signs and syptoms :-

Social challenges

Avoidance of eye contact

Persistent preference for solitude

Difficulty understanding other people's feelings

Echolalia

pronoun reversal and out of context words

Resistance to minor changes in routine or surroundings

Restricted interests (fixation on a subject)

Repetitive behaviors (flapping, rocking, spinning, etc.)

Unusual and intense reaction to sounds, smells, tastes, textures, lights, colors

#. Difficulty in social interaction: Limited use of eye contact, facial expressions, and social gestures like shrugging, pointing, lifting arms up to be lifted). Issues interpreting body language or facial expressions. Children with ASD often do not seek out others to share enjoyment, do not share interest in the same objects objects as peers, and don't look for approval or reassurance from parents. They may have little interest in peers or may not know how to express themselves. Kids with ASD often prefer playing alone, limited or repetitive play routines, and limited/absent pretend play skills.

#. The central principle for sensory integration intervention is the provision of controlled sensory input through activities presented by the therapist to elicit adaptive responses from the child. sensory integration treatment is centered on the child and guided by the practitioner , it is freedom within structure.

#. Role of OT:-

Therapists use a sensory integration (OT-SI) approach that begins in a controlled, stimulating environment, and focuses on making SPD easier to manage in day-to-day life. OT-SI uses fun, stimulating activities to challenge patients' senses without overwhelming them or linking stimulation to feelings of failure.