Question

Study Questions:

1. What isOmnibus Budget Reconciliation Act (OBRA) 1987

2. List down age-related changes of the body that affects taking of medication

.3. What are the commonly use medication by the elderly? What will be the effects of this medication to the body

Answer 1

1. The Omnibus Budget reconciliation Act of 1987 was federal law that was enacted by the 100th united states congress and signed into law by president. Ronald Reagan. This legislation consistent of 10 programs   I: Agriculture and Related Programs

Subtitle A: Adjustments to Agricultural Commodity Programs. Subtitle B: Optional Acreage Diversion. Subtitle C: Farm Program Payments. Subtitle D: Rural Electrification Administration Programs. Subtitle E: Miscellaneous

II: National Economic Commission   

III: Education Programs

Subtitle A: Guaranteed Student Loan Program Savings. Subtitle B: Sale of College Facilities and Housing Loans

IV: Medicare, Medicaid, and Other Health-Related Programs

Subtitle A: Medicare. Subtitle B: Medicaid. Subtitle C: Nursing Home Reform. Subtitle D: Vaccine Compensation. Subtitle E: Rural Health

V:Energy and Environment Programs

Subtitle A: Nuclear Waste Amendments. Subtitle B: Federal Onshore Oil and Gas Leasing Reform Act of 1987. Subtitle C: Land and Water Conservation Fund and Tongass Timber Supply Fund. Subtitle D: Reclamation. Subtitle E: Panama Canal. Subtitle F: Abandoned Mine Funds in Wyoming. Subtitle G: Nuclear Regulatory Commission User Fees

VI: Civil Service and Service Programs

VII: Veterans Programs

VIII: Budget Policy and Fiscal Procedures

IX: Income Security and Related Programs

X: Revenue Provisions

2. Advancing age is characterized by impairment in the function of the many regulatory process that provide functional integration between cells and organs. There may be a failure to maintain homeostasis under conditions of physiological stress.The reduced homeostatic ability affects different regulatory system in different subjects,that explaining at least partly the increased interindividuals variability occurring as people get older.Important pharmacokinetic and dynamic changes occur with advancing age.

Pharmacokinetic changes include a reduction in renal and hepatic clearance and an increase in volume of distribution of lipid soluble drugs whereas pharmacodynamic changes involve altered sensitivity to several classes of drugs such as anticoagulants, cardiovascular and psychotropic drugs. This review focuses on the main age-related physiological changes affecting different organ systems and their implications for pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of drugs.

3.

Many elderly Americans take multiple prescription medications each day. Keeping track of these medications, their dosages, and the right time to take each of them can be a challenge for elderly patients. When an individual qualifies for free home healthcare services, his or her healthcare provider can ensure that he or she takes all of his or her prescriptions as necessary.

Hydrocodone
Hydrocodone, which is often blended with acetaminophen, is a pain medication often sold under the brand names Lorcet, Norco, and Vicodin. Because of the risk of addiction associated with its use, Hydrocodone is only prescribed to patients suffering from severe pain.

Simvastatin
Simvastatin, commonly sold under the brand name Zocor, is a medication used to lower the number of triglycerides and LDL (“bad cholesterol”) present in a patient’s blood while raising the amount of HDL (“good cholesterol”) in his or her blood.

Lisinopril
Lisinopril, sold under the brand names Qbrelis, Zestril, and Prinivil, is an ACE inhibitor. It is prescribed to patients suffering from high blood pressure and congestive heart failure to reduce blood pressure by relaxing the patient’s blood vessels.

Levothyroxine
Levothyroxine is commonly sold under the brand name Synthroid. As its name implies, it is used to treat hypothyroidism, the condition that occurs when the thyroid gland does not produce enough thyroid hormones and disrupts processes like metabolism and heart rate.

Amlodipine Besylate
Amlodipine Besylate is a blood pressure medication sold under the brand name Norvasc. Amlodipine Besylate is a calcium channel blocker, a type of drug that makes blood flow easier by slowing the heartbeat and decreasing each beat’s strength.

Omeprazole
Omeprazole, often sold under the names Prilosec OTC, Zegerid, and Zegerid OTC, is a proton-pump inhibitor used to treat heartburn, stomach ulcers, esophageal damage, and gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD).

Azithromycin
Azithromycin is used to treat bacterial infections. Brand names for azithromycin include AzaSite, Zmax, and Zithromax. It is commonly used to treat pneumonia, bronchitis, ear infections, and sinusitis.

Metformin
Metformin is a diabetes medication often sold under the names Glumetza, Fortamet, and Glucophage. It does not cure diabetes but helps patients manage their condition in conjunction with dietary changes.

Hydrochlorothiazide
Hydrochlorothiazide is a blood pressure medication often sold under the brand name Microzide. It is a diuretic, a type of drug often known as a “water pill,” that works by stimulating urine production to flush water and salt from the body.

These drugs also have side effects on elderly people,affect the metabolism function and damage renal functions.