Question

Human rights are an expression of cosmopolitan (universal) values and a rejection of purely nationalistic or Eurocentric ruling class values.

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Question 210 pts

A secular moral value, such as the value of toleration, is a moral value requiring a certain religious belief to hold it.

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True

Answer 1

1. Human rights are the political vernacular of cosmopolitan moralism because they easily translate the imperative of universal moral respect into a global political program that gives status to every individual as citizens of a single universal community. The moral ends of the rights project are already known.

Human rights are an expression of cosmopolitan (universal) values and a rejection of purely nationalistic or Eurocentric ruling class values.This is true by these evidences.The idea that certain basic rights should be universal is the achievement of thousands of years of human moral development. I agree with this.

Cosmopolitan is the idea that all human beings are, or could or should be, members of a single community. Different views of what constitutes this community may include a focus on moral standards, economic practices, political structures, and/or cultural forms.Cosmopolitan moralism starts from a universal imperative, therefore there is no unjust imposition in enforcing universal principles. The practical failure of any particular human rights intervention can have no bearing on the rightness of the principles themselves.

Human rights cosmopolitanism’, explain the role of equality in giving content to this conception, and defend the liberal view of human rights against the restricted view by considering – and responding to – several arguments for remaining neutral between a range of cultural and ideological perspectives on the demands of social justice and political legitimacy. I defend the liberal view that a conception of human rights should not remain neutral on controversial questions of justice and legitimacy.

Eurocentric is something that is centered around or highlights the European culture and history. An example of Eurocentric is someone saying that european countries are better than others.

Moreover, a list of universal rights should be minimal to avoid both the infl ation of rights and disputes about specific norms that could be challenged by individual cultures. The European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR) is often considered in international human rights law as a model of eff ectiveness while others prefer a sceptical view of the ideas
“A minimal list of rights”, arguing that most agree that the following basic rights and freedoms are indispensable:
– the right to life;
– the right to recognition as a human being;
– the right to legal personhood (including the rights to citizenship);
– basic autonomy in personal matters;
– the right to physical integrity, including a ban on torture and the prohibition of cruel, unusual, and arbitrary punishment and executions; a ban on forced
disappearance;
– freedom from involuntary human experimentation;
– freedom from slavery, the slave trade, and servitude;
– freedom from arbitrary detention;
– specific rights of people under custody and detention;
– the right to a fair trial and due process;
– freedom from imprisonment for debt;
– freedom from retroactive application of criminal punishment;
– freedom of thought, conscience, religion, and expression;
– equality before the law and freedom from discrimination;
– participation in government.

2. Secular ethics is a branch of moral philosophy in which ethics is based solely on human faculties such as logic, empathy, reason or moral intuition, and not derived from belief in supernatural revelation or guidance—the source of ethics in many religions. Secular ethics refers to any ethical system that does not draw on the supernatural,and includes, humanism, secularism and free thinking.

1. Religion and morality are not synonymous. Morality does not necessarily depend upon religion, though for some, this is "an almost automatic assumption." According to The Westminster Dictionary of Christian Ethics, religion and morality "are to be defined differently and have no definitional connections with each other.Religion provided an answer by introducing beliefs about all-knowing, all-powerful gods who punish moral transgressions. As human societies grew larger, so did the occurrence of such beliefs. And in the absence of efficient secular institutions, the fear of God was crucial for establishing and maintaining social order.
2. Moral values reminds us that different societies have different moral beliefs and that our beliefs are deeply influenced by culture. It also encourages us to explore the reasons underlying beliefs that differ from our own, while challenging us to examine our reasons for the beliefs and values we hold.
3. Religion provided an answer by introducing beliefs about all-knowing, all-powerful gods who punish moral transgressions. As human societies grew larger, so did the occurrence of such beliefs. And in the absence of efficient secular institutions, the fear of God was crucial for establishing and maintaining social order.
4. Human beings, through their ability to empathize, are capable of determining ethical grounds. The well-being of others is central to ethical decision-making.
5. Morality beliefs delineating what is right and wrong or what is good and bad behavior. Religion is a belief system based on confidence in a higher power. Throughout history morality and religion have been intertwined.
6. A variety of positions are apparent regarding the relationship between religion and morality. Some believe that religion is necessary as a guide to a moral life.
7. Morality does not require religious tenets.
8. Religion gets its morality from humans. We know that we can't get along if we permit perjury, theft, murder, rape, all societies at all times, well before the advent of monarchies and certainly, have forbidden it.

9. Secular over Religious Morality

   There are those who think that a morality based on a negative motivation is inferior to one based on positive motives. To avoid doing wrong based on fear is far inferior to a morality based on well reasoned principles and the desire of the autonomous moral agents to act in a manner that is in accord with some set of basic ethical principles that resonates with some core values. Religious morality appears to rest on fear. There is the fear of reprisals from deity or deities

10. In the light of the horrors perpetrated by or in the name of religion alternatives are sought for the ethical principles found in religious traditions. The non-religious or secular alternatives are sought through the use of human reason, a universal resource. A view of morality that is founded on reasoning and a naturalistic worldview is thought to be more dependable and more capable of being universalized than is any set of principles that are dependent on religious worldviews. There are people at work on developing or applying such secular ethical principles to their lives and attempting to develop and maintain a social life under such principles.