Question

Complete an ANNOTATED bibliography in APA format (12 pt. Times New Roman, double-spaced, 1-inch margins).

Address the following assignment requirements.

Summarize and evaluate a minimum of 10 (ten) peer-reviewed journal articles published within

the past 5 years that address current research topics in public health.

Each annotation must be a minimum of 250 words and include the following:

▪ Summary of the resource content

▪ Evaluation of resource utility

▪ Assessment of resource credibility and reliability

Paraphrase information to demonstrate your own understanding of the topic in the context of public health research.

Answer 1

▪︎What is Annotated bibliography?

An annotated bibliography is a bibliography that gives a summary of each of the entries.The purpose of annotations is to provide the reader with a summary and an evaluation of each source. Each summary should be a concise exposition of the source's central idea and give the reader a general idea of the source's content.

▪︎Main components of annotated bibliography?

The following are the main components of an annotated bibliography. Not all these fields are used; fields may vary depending on the type of annotated bibliography and instructions from the instructor if it is part of a school assignment.

• Full bibliographic citation : the necessary and complete bibliographical information i.e. (author, title, publisher and date, etc.),
• Author's background: the name, authority, experience, or qualifications of the author.
• Purpose of the work: the reasons why the author wrote the work
• Scope of the work: the breadth or depth of coverage and topics or sub-topics covered.
• Main argument: State the main informative points of the paper
• Audience: For whom was it written (general public, subject specialists, student?
• Methodology: What methodology and research methods did the work employ?
• Viewpoint: What is the author's perspective or approach (school of thought, etc.)? E.g., an unacknowledged bias, or any undefended assumptions?
• Sources: Does the author cite other sources, and if so, what types? Is it based on the author's own research? Is it personal opinion?
• Reliability of the source: How reliable is the work?
• Conclusion: What does the author conclude about the work? Is the conclusion justified by the work?
• Features: Any significant extras, e.g. visual aids (charts, maps, etc.), reprints of source documents, an annotated bibliography?
• Strengths and Weaknesses: What are the strengths and weaknesses of the work?
• Comparison: How does the source relate to other works done by other writers on the topic: does it agree or disagree with another author or a particular school of thought; are there other works which would support or dispute it?
• Voice / Personal Conclusion: Provide an opinion of the work or a reaction to the source based on other available works, prior knowledge of the subject matter or knowledge pools done by other researchers.

Examples of Annotated bibliography:

●Citation. ●Annotation

1)

A. Donald, Cameron & DasGupta, Sayantani & M. Metzl, Jonathan & Eckstrand, Kristen. (2016). Queer Frontiers in Medicine: A Structural Competency Approach. Academic Medicine. 92. 1. 10.1097

This article explores the concept of structural competency as an innovative approach to be adopted when training health care providers, particularly in a medical school setting, to take care of LGBT individuals. Rather than relying solely upon teaching students to consider the unique needs of LGBT communities as a function of cultural difference, the structural competency approach requires providers to consider systemic factors that contribute to disparate health outcomes. Recognition that structural factors such discriminatory public policies, codified practices that stigmatize LGBT identities, implicit bias, etc. contribute to disparate health outcomes will enable health care providers to increase their ability to provider culturally and structurally competent care to the LGBT population. The article recommends practical steps for indicating structural competence, such as inclusion of pronouns on patient intake forms, incorporation of LGBT specific support groups, application of trauma informed care practices, etc.

2)

Ablett, J. R. and Jones, R. S. P. (2007), Resilience and well-being in palliative care staff: a qualitative study of hospice nurses' experience of work. Psycho-Oncology, 16: 733–740. doi:10.1002/pon.1130

This article speaks to the negative impacts that stress can have on staff mental and physical health, patient care, and on organizations as a whole. It has been shown that healthcare workers, especially those working directly with patients, experience more stress, and can lead to higher burnout. This ultimately can lead to poorer patient care. The article speaks of many factors that can lead high levels of stress in palliative care staff, such as working with patients that are in pain/suffering, confrontation of their own mortality, and at times having to work with young patients. I found it incredibly surprising that although many palliative workers have to work in environments that would be considered highly stressful that they do not seem to show higher levels of stress than their non-palliative care peers, and may show lower levels of burnout. This study set out to see what factors helped hospice nurses to have a higher level of resilience to ward off working in such a stressful environment. I found this study to be incredibly helpful in breaking down what factors led to higher levels of resiliency within this sample of nurses. The study broke down the themes of the interviews into ten categories. Theme number 4, personal attitudes towards life (and death), was of particular interest to me. Many nurses mentioned that working in palliative healthcare provided them with a unique perspective of mortality, and the importance of living life to the fullest. This in a way helped them to further build their own resilience, and remain positive in field that seems to be overwhelmingly negative and sad. Seeing as how resiliency is one of the core areas of focus of both positive psychology and Positive Organizational Behavior (POB), understanding how staff in palliative healthcare fields build resiliency is essential to understanding the role that POB plays in the palliative care field.

3)

Carmeli, A., Brueller, D., & Dutton, J. E. (2009). Learning behaviours in the workplace: The role of high-quality interpersonal relationships and psychological safety. Systems Research and Behavioral Science, 26(1), 81-98. doi:10.1002/sres.932

Organizational learning is important in improving all-around performance, yet is relational and depends on specific processes, interactions, and needs. Learning is key to improvement and high quality organizations. Learning behaviors such as seeking new information, speaking up, testing the validity of work assumptions, and devoting time to figure out ways to improve work processes are a few ways by which knowledge is acquired, shared and combined. As we have seen before, if done in the wrong context or with altered perceptions of safety these key actions can come across as intrusive or incompetent. The key principle of psychological safety is that people can be “comfortable being themselves” and “feel able to show and employ one’s self without fear of negative consequences to self-image, status or career”. It is interesting that interpersonal relationship are positively related to error rates, but this is because good quality relationships encourages errors to be reported (not that these teams actually cause more errors). Ultimately this paper surmises that high quality relationships are associated with psychological safety which is in turn related to higher levels of learning behaviors. It touches on the key topics of high quality relationships: emotional carrying capacity, tensility, connectivity, positive regard, and mutuality

●Research topic on -

Strategies for Reducing Malnutrition on Children’s Zero to Five Years

INTRODUCTION

1.1 BACKGROUND TO THE STUDY

Malnutrition in children also known as undernutrition is common globally and results in both short and long term irreversible negative health outcomes including stunted growth which may also be linked to cognitive development deficits, underweight and wasting. The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that malnutrition accounts for 54 percent of child mortality worldwide, about 1 million children. Another estimate also by WHO states that childhood underweight is the cause for about 35% of all deaths of children under the age of five years worldwide. The main causes are unsafe water, inadequate sanitation or insufficient hygiene, factors related to society and poverty, diseases, maternal factors, gender issues and overall poverty (Bhutta et al, 2008).

There are three commonly used measures for detecting malnutrition in children. They includes stunting (extremely low height for age), underweight (extremely low weight for age), and wasting (extremely low weight for height). These measures of malnutrition are interrelated, but studies for the World Bank found that only 9 percent of children exhibit stunting, underweight, and wasting. Children with severe acute malnutrition are very thin, but they often also have swollen hands and feet, making the internal problems more evident to health workers. Children with severe malnutrition are very susceptible to infections (World Bank, 2008).

Malnutrition in children causes direct structural damage to the brain and impairs infant motor development and exploratory behavior. Children who are undernourished before age two and gain weight quickly later in childhood and in adolescence are at high risk of chronic diseases related to nutrition. Studies have found a strong association between malnutrition and child mortality (Duggan et al, 2008). Once malnutrition is treated, adequate growth is an indication of health and recovery. Even after recovering from severe malnutrition, children often remain stunted for the rest of their lives. Even mild degrees of malnutrition double the risk of mortality for respiratory and diarrheal disease mortality and malaria. This risk is greatly increased in more severe cases of malnutrition. Undernourished girls tend to grow into short adults and are more likely to have small children. Prenatal malnutrition and early life growth patterns can alter metabolism and physiological patterns and have lifelong effects on the risk of cardiovascular disease. Children who are undernourished are more likely to be short in adulthood, have lower educational achievement and economic status, and give birth to smaller infants (Bhutta et al, 2008). Children often face malnutrition during the age of rapid development, which can have long-lasting impacts on health.

The World Health Organisation estimated in 2008 that globally, half of all cases of malnutrition in children under five were caused by inadequate food intake, unsafe water, inadequate sanitation or insufficient hygiene. This link is often due to repeated diarrhea and intestinal worm infections as a result of inadequate sanitation. However, the relative contribution of diarrhea to malnutrition and in turn stunting remains controversial. In almost all countries, the poorest quintile of children has the highest rate of malnutrition. However, inequalities in malnutrition between children of poor and rich families vary from country to country, with studies finding large gaps in Peru and very small gaps in Egypt. In 2000, rates of child malnutrition were much higher in low income countries (36 percent) compared to middle income countries (12 percent) and the United States (1 percent). Studies in Bangladesh in 2009 found that the mother’s literacy, low household income, higher number of siblings, less access to mass media, less supplementation of diets, unhygienic water and sanitation are associated with chronic and severe malnutrition in children.

Diarrhea and other infections can cause malnutrition through decreased nutrient absorption, decreased intake of food, increased metabolic requirements, and direct nutrient loss. Parasite infections, in particular intestinal worm infections (helminthiasis), can also lead to malnutrition. A leading cause of diarrhea and intestinal worm infections in children in developing countries is lack of sanitation and hygiene. Children with chronic diseases like HIV have a higher risk of malnutrition, since their bodies cannot absorb nutrients as well. Diseases such as measles are a major cause of malnutrition in children; thus immunizations present a way to relieve the burden. The nutrition of children 5 years and younger depends strongly on the nutrition level of their mothers during pregnancy and breastfeeding.
Infants born to young mothers who are not fully developed are found to have low birth weights. The level of maternal nutrition during pregnancy can affect newborn body size and composition. Iodine-deficiency in mothers usually causes brain damage in their offspring, and some cases cause extreme physical and mental retardation. This affects the children’s ability to achieve their full potential (Wagstaff & Naoke, 1999). In 2011 UNICEF reported that thirty percent of households in the developing world were not consuming iodized salt, which accounted for 41 million infants and newborns in whom iodine deficiency could still be prevented. Maternal body size is strongly associated with the size of newborn children. Short stature of the mother and poor maternal nutrition stores increase the risk of intrauterine growth retardation (IUGR). However, measurements of a child’s growth provide the key information for the presence of malnutrition, but weight and height measurements alone can lead to failure to recognize kwashiorkor and an underestimation of the severity of malnutrition in children.

1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

Measures have been taken to reduce child malnutrition. Studies for the World Bank found that, from 1970 to 2000, the number of malnourished children decreased by 20 percent in developing countries. Iodine supplement trials in pregnant women have been shown to reduce offspring deaths during infancy and early childhood by 29 percent. However, universal salt iodization has largely replaced this intervention. Nutritional education and micronutrient-fortified food supplements has resulted in 10 percent reduction and the prevalence of stunting in children 12–36 months old. Milk fortified with zinc and iron reduced the incidence of diarrhea by 18 percent in children.

1.3 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

The following are the objectives of this study:

To examine the causes of malnutrition in children from zero to five years.

To examine the prevalence of malnutrition in children from zero to five years.

To identify the strategies for reducing malnutrition in children from zero to five years.

1.4 RESEARCH QUESTIONS

What are the causes of malnutrition in children from zero to five years?

What is the prevalence of malnutrition in children from zero to five years?

What are the strategies for reducing malnutrition in children from zero to five years?

1.6 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

The following are the significance of this study:

The outcome of this study will educate on the causes, prevalence and strategies for reducing malnutrition in children from zero to five years.

This research will be a contribution to the body of literature in the area of the effect of personality trait on student’s academic performance, thereby constituting the empirical literature for future research in the subject area.

1.7 SCOPE/LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY

This study will cover the causes and the prevalence of malnutrition in children. It will also cover the strategies for reducing malnutrition in children from zero to five years of age.

LIMITATION OF STUDY

Financial constraint- Insufficient fund tends to impede the efficiency of the researcher in sourcing for the relevant materials, literature or information and in the process of data collection (internet, questionnaire and interview).
Time constraint- The researcher will simultaneously engage in this study with other academic work. This consequently will cut down on the time devoted for the research work.

REFERENCES

Duggan Christopher, Watkins John B., Allan W. (2008). Nutrition in pediatrics: basic science, clinical application. Hamilton: BC Decker. pp. 127–141. ISBN 978-1-55009-361-2.

Wagstaff Adam; Naoke Watanabe (1999). “Socioeconomic Inequalities in Child Malnutrition in the Developing World”. World Bank Policy Research Working Paper No. 2434. Retrieved March 3, 2014.

Bhutta, Z. A.; Ahmed, T.; Black, R. E.; Cousens, S.; Dewey, K.; Giugliani, E.; Haider, B. A.; Kirkwood, B.; Morris, S. S.; Sachdev, H. P. S.; Shekar, M.; Maternal Child Undernutrition Study Group (2008). “What works? Interventions for maternal and child undernutrition and survival”. The Lancet 371 (9610): 417–440. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(07)61693-6. PMID 18206226

World Bank (2008). Environmental health and child survival epidemiology, economics, experiences. Washington, DC: Environment Department of the World Bank. ISBN 978-0-8213-7237-1.