Question

For this assignment, you will create three 5-slide presentations for your local Planned Parenthood.

1. The first presentation is for a monthly information session on puberty and development. They have asked you to come in as a health professional and provide a guest lecturer on the topic of male and female development.
2. The second presentation is for women who are in their first trimester and their partners. They have asked you to explain prenatal development, parturition, and lactation.
3. The final presentation is for senior men and women. You will help them learn how their reproductive systems are changing and what to expect as they continue to age.

Answer 1

1.Puberty brings lots of changes for your child – and for you as a parent too. Your child is transitioning from child to adult, and you may feel uncertain about how best to support them through the physical, psychological and emotional changes this brings.Puberty is simply a series of natural changes that every child goes through.

The changes of puberty are physical, sexual, social and emotional. Puberty starts when changes in your child’s brain cause sex hormones to be released .

ovaries (usually around age 10 or 11, but can range from 8 to 13 years), or

testes (usually around age 11 to 13, but can range from 9 to 14 years).

During puberty, most children will experience:

oily skin (acne is possible)

oily hair, possibly requiring frequent washing

increased perspiration and body odour (frequent showering and deodorant help)

a growth spurt (of around 11 cm a year in girls and up to 13 cm a year in boys). Teens continue to grow about 1–2 cm a year after this main growth spurt. Some body parts (such as head and hands) may grow faster than limbs and torso. The body eventually evens out.

Girls will experience:

breast development and possible tenderness

a change in their figure, including widening of the hips

growth of pubic and underarm hair

the start of menstruation – periods may be irregular at first. Some discomfort, like headaches and stomach cramps, is normal but see your doctor if you have concerns

a clear or whitish vaginal discharge – this may occur before periods. See your doctor if your daughter experiences itching, pain or strong odour.

Boys will experience

growth of testes (testicles). Sometimes the growth of the testes is uneven (that is, one testis grows faster than the other). This is not something to worry about

growth of pubic, underarm and facial hair

the start of testosterone production, which stimulates the testes to produce sperm.

the start of erections and ejaculation

growth of the larynx or voice box – the voice ‘breaks’ and eventually deepens. Voice variations are normal and will settle in time.  

One of the best strategies during your child’s puberty is reassurance. Explain that puberty is an exciting time that means adulthood is approaching.

2.Prenatal development (from Latin natalis 'relating to birth') includes the development of the embryo and of the fetus during a viviparous animal's gestation. Prenatal development starts with fertilization, in the germinal stage of embryonic development, and continues in fetal development until birth.Prenatal development: The process of growth and development within the womb, in which a single-cell zygote (the cell formed by the combination of a sperm and an egg) becomes an embryo, a fetus, and then a baby. ... This tiny mass of cells then adheres to the inside wall of the uterus.

The process of prenatal development occurs in three main stages. The first two weeks after conception are known as the germinal stage, the third through the eighth week is known as the embryonic period, and the time from the ninth week until birth is known as the fetal period.

The germinal stage of development is the first and shortest of the stages of the human lifespan. It lasts roughly eight to nine days, beginning with fertilization and ending with implantation in the endometrium of the uterus, after which the developing organism is called an embryo.

This stage lasts from implantation until about 8 weeks from the time of conception (or the 10th week of pregnancy). This is the most important time of prenatal development because the embryo is developing the foundations for a healthy baby.

Fetal Stage

Once cell differentiation is mostly complete, the embryo enters the next stage and becomes known as a fetus. The fetal period of prenatal develop marks more important changes in the brain. This period of development begins during the ninth week and lasts until birth. This stage is marked by amazing change and growth.

The period of developing the embryo to its foetus stage is known as gestation period. Parturition refers to the process where the fully grown embryo known as foetus is expelled from the mothers womb after the gestation period it refers to giving birth to the baby.

3 stages

Dilation

The first stage of parturition starts with the onset of labor. It continues until the cervix is fully dilated. This dilation is divided into two phases:

Latent phase. The cervix is 0 to 4 centimeters (cm) dilated.

Active phase. The cervix is 4 to 10 cm dilated.

The latent phase takes about six hours for a woman who’s giving birth for the first time. It takes around five hours for a woman who’s given birth previously. For some women, the latent phase may last 8 to 12 hours.

During the active phase, it’s expected that the cervix will dilate at a rate of about 1 cm per hour for a woman who’s giving birth for the first time. For a woman who’s previously had a vaginal delivery, the rate is typically about 2 cm per hour.

Expulsion

The second stage of parturition starts at full dilation and continues until birth. This stage also has two phases:

Passive phase. The baby’s head moves down through the vagina.

Active phase. The mother feels a need to push, or contract the abdominal muscles in time with uterine contractions.

The active phase lasts about 45 minutes for a woman who’s having her first baby. For women who’ve had a vaginal delivery, the active phase lasts about 30 minutes.

Stage 2 ends with the birth of the baby. At this point, the umbilical cord is clamped, and breastfeeding is often encouraged to help with stage 3.

Placental

The third stage of parturition starts after birth and ends with the delivery of the afterbirth (placenta and membranes).

If the doctor takes an active role — including gently pulling on the placenta — stage 3 typically takes around five minutes. If the placenta is delivered without assistance, stage 3 can last around 30 minutes..

Lactation, secretion and yielding of milk by females after giving birth. The milk is produced by the mammary glands, which are contained within the breasts. .During pregnancy the combination of estrogen and progesterone circulating in the blood appears to inhibit milk secretion by blocking the release of prolactin from the pituitary gland and by making the mammary gland cells unresponsive to this pituitary hormone. The blockade is removed at the end of pregnancy by the expulsion of the placenta and the loss of its supply of hormones, as well as by the decline in hormone production by the ovaries, while sufficient estrogen remains in circulation to promote the secretion of prolactin by the pituitary gland and so favour lactation.

Several pituitary hormones seem to be involved in the formation of milk, so that it is customary to speak of a lactogenic (“milk-producing”) complex of hormones. To some degree, the role of the pituitary hormones adrenocorticotropin, thyrotropin, and growth hormone in supporting lactation in women

another hormone from the pituitary gland—oxytocin, which causes the contraction of special muscle cells around the alveoli in the breast and ensures the expulsion of milk. It is in this way that a baby’s sucking at one breast may cause an increase in milk flow from both, so that milk may drip from the unsuckled nipple. About 30 seconds elapse between the beginning of active suckling and the initiation of milk flow.Adrenal corticoids also appear to play an essential role in maintaining lactation.

3.Aging changes in the female reproductive system

Aging changes in the female reproductive system result mainly from changing hormone levels. One clear sign of aging occurs when your menstrual periods stop permanently. This is known as menopause.

The time before menopause is called perimenopause. It may begin several years before your last menstrual period. Signs of perimenopause include:

More frequent periods at first, and then occasional missed periods

Periods that are longer or shorter

Changes in the amount of menstrual flow

Eventually your periods will become much less frequent, until they stop completely.

Other common changes include:

Menopause symptoms such as hot flashes, moodiness, headaches, and trouble sleeping

Problems with short-term memory

Decrease in breast tissue

Lower sex drive (libido) and sexual response

Increased risk of bone loss (osteoporosis)

Urinary system changes, such as frequency and urgency of urination and increased risk of urinary tract infection

Loss of tone in the pubic muscles, resulting in the vagina, uterus, or urinary bladder falling out of position (prolapse).

Aging changes in the male reproductive system occur primarily in the testes. Testicular tissue mass decreases. The level of the male sex hormone, testosterone decreases gradually. There may be problems getting an erection. This is a general slowing, instead of a complete lack of function.

FERTILITY

The tubes that carry sperm may become less elastic (a process called sclerosis). The testes continue to produce sperm, but the rate of sperm cell production slows. The epididymis, seminal vesicles, and prostate gland lose some of their surface cells. But they continue to produce the fluid that helps carry sperm.

URINARY FUNCTION

The prostate gland enlarges with age as some of the prostate tissue is replaced with a scar like tissue. This condition, called benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), affects about 50% of men. BPH may cause problems with slowed urination and ejaculation.

In both men and women, reproductive system changes are closely related to changes in the urinary system.