Question

Analyze ethical and legal standards that impacted the care of the patient and family. Possible discussion topics include ethical standards for professional nursing practice, end-of-life decisions and advanced directives, respect for ethical rights of patients (autonomy, beneficence, etc.)

Answer 1

Mega standards are those standards that are set forth in government laws.ethical standards ate based on the human Principles of right and wrong.the difference between them are these: leagal standards are based on human rights and wrongs.

The ethical principles that nurse must adhere to are principle's of justice,beneficence,nonmaleficence,accountability,fidelity,autonomy and veracity.justice is fairness.nurses must be fair when they distribute care,for example among the patients in the group of patients that they are taking Care of.care must be fairly,justly,and equitably,distributed among a group of patients.

* Beneficence is doing good and the right thing for patient

* nonmaleficience is doing no harm, as stated in the historical Hippocratic oath.harm can be intentional or unintentional.

* accountability is accepting responsibility for one's own actions.nurses are accountable for their nursing Care and other actions.they must accept all of the professional band personal consequences that can occurs as the result of their actions.

* fidelity keeping ones promises.the nurse must be faithful and true to their professional promises and responsibilities by providing high quality,safe care in a competent manner.

* autonomy and patient self determination are upheld when the nurse accepts the client as a unique person who has the innate right to have their own opinions,perspectives, values and beliefs.nurses encourage patients to make their own decision without any judgments or coercion from the nurse.the patient has the right to reject or accept all treatments.

* veracity is being completely truthful with parents; nurses must not withhold the whole truth from clients even when it may lead to patient distress.

End- of - life decision making is the the process that healthcare providers,patient's, and patient's families go through when considering what treatments will or will not be used to treat a life- threatening illnesse.several forms of this decision making are possible.

Advance directives : health Care advance directives are legal documents that communicate a person's wishes about health Care decisions in the event the person becomes incapable of making health care decisions.there are two basics kinds of advance directives: living wills and healthcare powers of attorney.

* a living will expresses, in advance a person's instructions or preferences about future medical treatments,particularly end of life Care, in the event the person loses capacity to make health Care decisions

* a health Care power of attorney appoints a person ( called a health care agent or proxy, health Care representative,or other Name depending on the state) to make decisions for the person ( the principal) in the event of incapacity ( temporary or permanent) to make Health Care decisions.

Normally people communicate their wishes directly to their doctors.but a person no longer has the capacity to make or communicate a health Care decision,another way to make and communicate a decision is needed.that is the role advance directives play.if no advance directive has been prepared, some one else recognized by state low or appointed by a court may be called on to make health Care decisions.many states authorize default surrogate decision makers,usually next of kin when the patient lacks capacity and has not appointed a health care agent.

When states low does not authorize a default surrogate decision maker,doctors and hospitals still usually turn to next of kin,although the extent of their legal authority becomes less clear.in the rare event that the issues is referred to a court, courts generally prefer to name a family member as guardian or conservator to make health care decisions,but they may also turn to a friend or a stranger to direct care. A health Care power of attorney ( and living will if it provides useful guidance) eliminates almost any need for the courts to get involved and helps ensure that the person's health Care decisions will be respected.

A patient has the right to have a role in accepting or refusing referrals to certain specialist and home treatment plans.this is in the best interest of the patient ( beneficence) because it empowers the patient to make decisions over his or her own treatment ( autonomy).