Question

. The immune system is regulated by soluble mediators called ______.

2. Because cytokines mediate signals between leukocytes, they are called _____________.

3. These cytokines “interfere” with viral replication. They are called____________.

4. Define chemotaxis:

5. Let’s think about how each cytokine functions. There are 5 groups of functionality. List them:

6. _________act on lymphs but do not bind antigen.


7. Interleukins have widely overlapping _____________.

8. IL molecules modulate inflammation and immunity by regulating _____, ______, and ________
of lymphoid cells.

9. Each IL is a distinct _________ and functions through a separate _____ _____.

Answer 1

(1-) The immune system is regulated by a soluble mediators called as cytokines.

The solube mediators involved in inflammation and the immune response that represent a diverse and incredibly complex biologic respnse networks. The cytotkines that play key roles in intiating , maintaing , and resolving tissues inflammation , as well as in the function of the immune system , emphasizing their roles in the response to an allograft.

(2-) Because cytokines mediate signals between leukocytes , they are called as interleukin.

cytokines are the category of signaling molecules that mediate and regulate immunity , inflammation and hematopoiesis . there names are defined as based on their presumed function , cell of secretion , or target of action , as similarly they are produced by some leukocytes and affect the other leukocytes . thats why it is called as interleukins .

(3-) These cytokines interfere with the viral replication are called as Interferon.

Interferon family represent a widely expressed group of cytokines . The term interferon derives from the ability of these cytokines to interfere with viral replication . Type I IFNs present a potent antiviral effect by inhibiting viral replication , increasing the lysis potential of natural killer cells and the expression of MHC class I molecules on virus infected cells , and stimulating the development of the cells.

(4-) Chemotaxis is defined as the movement of a motile cell or organism or part of one , in a direction corresponding to a gradient of increasing or decreasing concentration of a particular substances.

(5-) Cytokines are a large group of proteins , peptides or glycoprotein that are secreted by spsecific cells of immune system . its function is to be categories of signaling molecules that mediate and regulate immunity , inflammation and hematopoiesis.
It has some sub groups , the function of its sub groups are as follows :-

(1) INTERLEUKINS	interleukines have a variety of functions , but most are involved in directing other immune cells to divide and differentiate . Each interleukin acts on a specific , limited group of cells that express its congnate receptors .
(2_) LYMPHOKINES	Lymphokines are cytokines that produced bt T cells ( lymphocytes) of the immune system . Lymphokines act to attract additional immune cells to mount an immune response , for instance in stimulating B cells to generate antibodies against the invading pathogen.
(3) MONOKINES	Monokines are cytokines that produced mainly by macrophages and monocytes for function in the immune system . Monokines can function as chemoattractants for guiding neutrophils migrant
(4) INTERFERONS	THe various forms of interferon are the body's most rapidlly produced and important defense against viruses. interferon can also combat bacterial and a parasitic infections , inhibit cell division and promotes or impede the differentiation of cells
(5) CHEMOKINES	Chemokines are afamily chemoattractant a cytokines which play a vital role in cell migrant through venules from blood into tissues and vise versa and in the induction of cell movement response to a chemical gradient by a process.

(6) T cells acts on the lymph but do not bind with antigen.
Tcells originate in the bone marrow and thymus they differentiate into helper , regulatory, or cytotoxic T cells or become memory T cells . they are then sent to the periphery system in tissues and in circulate blood and lymphatic system . once stimulated by the appropriate antigen , helper T cells secrete chemical messenger called cytokines which stimulate the differentitation of B cells into the plasma cells .Tcells goes into the lymp but it don't act on antigen .

(7)  Interleukin have widely overlapping but each show its own characterstics properties .
Interleukin 1 ( IL1 ), IL 6 , and tumor necrosis factor (TNF) are typically examples of multifactorial cytokines involved in the regulation of the immune response., hematopoiesis , and inflammation . their fuction are widely overlapping but each shows its own characterstics properties . IL6 was originally identified as aB cells differentiation factor, and thus one of the major function , of IL6 is antibody induction .

(8-) IL molecules modulates inflammation and immunity by regulating the Tcells , B cells and Helper T cells of lymphoid cells.

(9)   Each IL is a distinct in binding to IL - 18 Ra at two distinct sites and fuction through a separate through attenuated 1 Beta - ( IL -1Beta ) induced NF.