Question

a. Explain the pathophysiology of hyperthyroidism

b. Explain the therapeutic regimen of hyperthyroidism

c. Explain the pathophysiology of heartburn

d. Explain the therapeutic regimen of heartburn

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Answer 1

b. Radioactive iodine. Taken by mouth, radioactive iodine is absorbed by your thyroid gland, where it causes the gland to shrink. Symptoms usually subside within several months. Excess radioactive iodine disappears from the body in weeks to months.

Anti-thyroid medications. These medications gradually reduce symptoms of hyperthyroidism by preventing your thyroid gland from producing excess amounts of hormones. They include methimazole (Tapazole)

Beta blockers. They can ease symptoms of hyperthyroidism, such as a tremor, rapid heart rate and palpitations

Surgery (thyroidectomy). If you're pregnant or you otherwise can't tolerate anti-thyroid drugs and don't want to or can't have radioactive iodine therapy, you may be a candidate for thyroid surgery, although this is an option in only a few cases.

c. Heartburn occurs when stomach acid backs up into the tube that carries food from your mouth to your stomach (esophagus).

Normally when you swallow, a band of muscle around the bottom of your esophagus (lower esophageal sphincter) relaxes to allow food and liquid to flow down into your stomach. Then the muscle tightens again.

If the lower esophageal sphincter relaxes abnormally or weakens, stomach acid can flow back up into your esophagus (acid reflux) and cause heartburn. The acid backup may be worse when you're bent over or lying down.

• d. Antacids, which help neutralize stomach acid. Antacids may provide quick relief..
• H-2-receptor antagonists (H2RAs), which can reduce stomach acid. H2RAs don't act as quickly as antacids, but may provide longer relief.
• Proton pump inhibitors, such as lansoprazole (Prevacid 24HR) and omeprazole which also can reduce stomach acid.