Question

23)Describe the pharmaceutical effects of Acetaminophen. When is it used? When is it not used? Treatment for medication overdose

24)What is the pharmaceutical differences between Aspirin and Acetaminophen?

29)Review the signs and symptoms in Opioid withdrawal?

30)Review the signs and symptoms of Opioid toxicity / overdose. What medication is given to counteract he opioid toxicity?

Answer 1

23) ACETAMINOPHENT

Acetaminophen is also known as paracetamol.

Thepharmaceutical effect of Acetaminophen are

✓ is an analgesic (pain reliever)

✓ is an antipyretic (temperature reducer)

Mechanism of action:-

Acetaminophen reduces the production of prostaglandins which is present in the brain. Prostaglandins are chemicals that causes inflammation and swelling.

By elevating pain threshold it relieves pain.

By the regulating center which is present in brain helps in regulating temperature.

Indication:

It can be used for patients who are having pain and fever. It is used in patients with arthritis

Contraindication:

It should not be used for patients who are allergic to paracetamol, for patients with hepatic failure and renal failure.

Treatment for paracetamol over load:

There are many complications with paracetamol over load

√hepatic necrosis

√renal tubular necrosis

√edema

√hypertension

√hypervolemia

√hypotension

√headache

√insomnia

√hypoalbuminemia

√hypokalemia

√hypomagnesemia

√hypophosphatemia

√vomiting

√diarrhea

And so many more

Acetaminophen toxicity should be treated within 8 hrs. Activated charcoal, antiemetic and iv fluid are used in the first hour of toxicity. N-acetylcysteine is the drug of choice.

24) pharmacological different between Acetaminophen and aspirin

Acetaminophen and aspirin are analgesics and NSAIDs respectively. Both are at one point used to treat inflammation. Acetaminophen is commonly used in as analgesics and antipyretic but aspirin is used to treat inflammation and prevention of formation of blood clot. Acetaminophen is used in the treatment of temperature spike and pain. Aspirin is used in the treatment of hear attack and stroke.

Acetaminophen usual dosage is 325mg and a maximum of 4000mg per day. Aspirin usual dosage is 325mg. Aspirin is available in chewable tablets form and table form. Acetaminophen is available as table, syrup and also in iv form.

29) signs and symptoms of opioid withdrawal

Withdrawal symptoms mainly includes central nervous system hyperactivity. Anxiety, craving, increased respiratory rate, diaphoresis, yawning, lacrimation, rhinorrhea, mydriasis, stomach cramping these are the early symptoms. Later symptoms fever, tremors, muscle twisting, tachycardia, hypertension, chills, anorexia, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea and piloerection.

30) sign and symptoms of opioid toxicity/ over dosage

Symptoms of opioid toxicity are decreased respiratory rate and depth, pulmonary edema, hypoxia, pupils are miotic, delirium, hypotension, bradycardia, decreased body temperature and urinary retention. Later on resulting in serotonin syndrome like hypotonia, agitation, diaphoresis, tremors.

Treatment for opinion toxicity are:-

Mainly concentrated on airway and support breathing. So endotracheal intubation are done

Medicine used for is Naloxone 0.4mg to 2 mg iv

Continuous vitals to be checked and recorded. Mainly respiratory rate.