Question

Normative changes in cognitive function are expected with increasing age. Research on the relationship between normative cognitive decline and moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) and sedentary behavior (SED) needs further investigation in Hispanic/Latinos adults. We assessed the association between accelerometer assessed MVPA and SED with cognitive function in 7,478 adults aged 45-74years from the Hispanic Community Health Study/Study of Latinos. At baseline, cognitive tests included two executive function tests (Digit Symbol Substitution Test (DSST), a test of language (Word Fluency), and a test of memory (Spanish English Verbal Learning Test). Multiple regression models were used to examine associations of time spent in MVPA and SED with cognitive function by age groups, adjusted for age, education, sex, acculturation, and field center. Mean time spent in sedentary behaviors was 12.3 hours/day in females and 11.9 hours/day in males. Higher SED, but not MVPA, was associated with lower DSST raw scores (β -0.03 with each 10-min increment in SED; P<0.05), indicating lower performance in executive function in all age groups. No associations were observed for MVPA and SED with tests of language or memory tests. Our findings suggest a distinct association of SED but not MVPA on executive functioning in middle-aged and older Latino adults. Further studies are needed to more conclusively determine causal links.

Question 11:

What type of study design was this? (2 points)

Question 12:

What was the exposure(s) of interest? How was it measured? (4 points)

Question 13:

What was the outcome(s) of interest? How was it measured? (4 points)

Question 14:

Which measure of disease frequency is most often reported for this type of study design? Why? (4 points)

Question 15:

What type of study design would better address the same research question? Briefly explain your reasoning in 1-2 sentences maximum. (4 points)

Answer 1

QUESTION 11.

The study design used is Correlational research design

QUESTION 12

Adults aged 45 -74 year's, from the Hispanic community health study / study of latinos, the exposure of interest is normative cognitive decline

Normative cognitive declines is measured by the cognitive test included two executed function test that is

1. Digit symbol substitution test (DSST)

2. Word fluency test

3. Test for memory ( Spanish English verbal learning test )

QUESTION 13

The outcome of the study suggests that there is a distinct association of sedentary behaviour on executive functioning in middle aged and older latino adults,

Higher sedentary behaviour was associated with lower digit symbol substitution.Test scores (-0.03) with each 10- minute increment in sedentary behaviour ; P(<0.05 )indicating lower performance in executive functioning

It was measured by using multiple regression model

QUESTION 14

The disease frequency which is most often reported for this type of study is cognitive impairment. As cognitive declines with age and the study group is middle aged 45 - 74 years, as they are highly prone to cognitive disorders like Alzheimers, dementia.hence it is used in this study called correlation research design as the researcher examines the strength of relationships between the variables

QUESTION 15

EXPLORATORY RESERACH DESIGN would also be a good research design, as the researcher can identify, explore and describe the existing and the relating factors and it could also determine the frequency of the occurnace .