Question

1. Choose two different types of microscopy and compare/contrast them in detail.  If you were looking at a typical liver cell using the two different types of microscopy, what structural details and organelles would be visible?  
2. Compare and contrast DNA and RNA, including details of structure and function.
3. What is protein modification?  Describe three examples of protein modification, as well as how the protein modification affects protein activity.
4. How do you measure an enzyme’s performance? Describe how a competitive inhibitor and a non-competitive inhibitor would affect an enzyme’s performance differently.
5. Two proteins are each 500 amino acids long, yet they have completely different conformations.  How is this possible?  Include in your answer a description of the four major levels of protein structure.
6. Describe the steps of eukaryotic transcription in detail.  Include the enzyme involved and any other proteins necessary for transcription to occur.  
7. What is alternative splicing? Describe how alternative splicing can contribute to the complexity of an organism.

Answer 1

Microscope is one of the major instrument used in the field of microbiology. It helps to view the structure of microscopic organisms such as bacteria, virus, etc. There are different kinds of microscopes are available. Based on our need, we can choose the microscope. Major types of microscopes are simple microscope, compound microscope, electron microscope, stereo microscope, confocal microscope and transmission electron microscope. Here we are going to see about compound and confocal microscope.

Compound microscope shows the result in good magnification than simple microscope. It can provide a 1,000 time magnification. This is because there are two lenses available in the compound microscope. Here magnification is high, but the resolution is low. If you are looking at a liver cells under a compound microscope means, you can able to see structure of the cells and can able to identify the nuclease of the cell. Cytoplasm of the cell was appeared to be transparent.

Confocal microscope is highly advanced than stereo and compound microscopes. It uses the laser light for scanning the samples that have been dyed. It shows result in the computer. So you can able to create 3D reconstruction. If you are looking at a liver cells under confocal microscope means you can see the clear structure of the cell, overlapping of cells can also been seen. It shows a clear structure of nucleus with the help dye. And it shows a clear visible cytoplasm.

Now let's see the difference between DNA and RNA.

DNA stands for deoxyribonucleic acid. It is a double stranded helix expect in some viruses. It is a genetic material in all living organisms. It consists of millions of nucleotides in length. Here equal number of purines and pyrimidines are present. Four bases are present such as adenine (A), guanine (G), cytosine (C) and thymine (T). Here A pairs with T and G pairs with C.

RNA stands for ribonucleic acid. It is single stranded expect in some viruses. It is a genetic material in some viruses. It consists of thousands of nucleotides in length. Here purines are not equal to pyrimidines. Here also four bases are present in stead of thymine, uracil (U) is present here. Here A pairs with U.

Protein modification is the process of modifying the protein structure in order make it as a mature protein by using post transcriptional modification process (PTM). PTM occurs on the amino acid chains or C- and N- terminal ends. During the insulin production, disulfide bridge cleavage and formation are occurs by PTM. Transcription regulation was done by PTM of histones. PTM of RNA polymerase II as a regulation of transcription process.

By performing enzyme assays, we can able to measure the performance of an enzyme. Enzyme activity is equal to moles of substrate converted per unit time. Competitive inhibitors are the inhibitor substances that normally resembles the substrate and it will binds with the enzyme on the active site. And prevents the actual substrate binding to the active site of the enzyme. In case non-competitive inhibitors both the substrate and inhibitor binds to the enzyme at same time. When both are binding to the enzyme, inhibitor won't allow the enzyme to form the product. It will only form the enzyme-substrate complex. When inhibitor is not present on the enzyme, then only substrate can active the enzyme and product formation will occur.

With in the given time I can able to answer first four questions only. If it possible means I can answer the rest of the questions also. If you find the answer is useful for you. Please rate the question.