Question

use one illustration to explain public speaking in health delivery

Answer 1

ETHICS

Ethics is the philosophy of human conduct, a way of stating and evaluating principles by which problems of behaviour can be solved. Ethics is concerned with standards judging whether actions are right or wrong.

Medical ethics means moral duties and obligations of the health care providers towards his patient , professional colleagues and to the society. These help support autonomy and self- determination, protect the vulnerable and promote the welfare and equality of human beings. They focus primarily on individual rights and duties and do not see individual as part of a wider social  order. These are micro ethical principles. Macro ethical principles guide the conduct of popilation based research and prcatice. Macro ethics are a set of principles designed to protect the human dignity, integrity, self determination, confidentiality, rights and health of populations and the people compromising them.

The hippocratic oath has been regarded as a summing up of a standard of professional ethics. It is written by Hippocrates, the father of medicine.

ETHICAL PRINCIPLES

1. Non malefecence
2. Beneficence
3. Respect for persons
4. Justice
5. Veracity or truthfulness
6. Confidentiality

Non maleficence : to do no harm. It is considered to be the foundation of social morality. That is incase where pain cannot be avoided, can make attempts to minimize pain.

Beneficence: to do good, is required of all health care providers. In the process of treating a patient what has to be wieghed are the consequences of treatment versus no treatment.

Respect for persons : it incorporates two fundamental ethical considerations ; autonomy and informed consent. Autonomy : it dictates that health care providers respect the patient's right to make decision concerning the treatment plan.

Informed consent: both a legal and an ethical concept. It is the first stated and the largest principle of Nuremberg code.

Justice: fairness or equal treatment giving to each her or his right or due.

Truthfulness: the patient doctor relationship is based on trust. Lying shows disrespect to patient and threatens relationship.

Confidentiality : patients have the right to expect that all communications and records pertaining to their care will be treated as confidential.

Duties and responsibilities of the physician in general

1. Character of physician
2. maintaining good medical practice
3. Membership in medical society
4. Maintenance of medical records
5. Display of registration numbers
6. Use of generic names of drug
7. Highest quality assurance in patient care
8. Exposure of unethical conduct
9. Payment of professional service
10. Evasion of legal restrictions

Duties of health care providers to their patients

1. Obligation to the sick
2. Patience, delicacy and secrecy
3. Prognosis
4. The patient must not be neglected
5. Engagement for an obstetric case

UNETHICAL ACTS

1. Advertising
2. Patent and copyrights : if not made available in situation were interest of large population is involved
3. Running an open shop
4. Rebates and commissions
5. Secret remedies
6. Violation of human rights
7. Euthanasia

Ethical codes are the result of an attempt to direct the moral consiousness of the members of the profession to its peculiar problems. Ethical codes are important in developing higher standards of conduct, for they are based upon what is considered to be the correct attitude and the correct procedure.