Question

1. Describe the following actions:

Therapeutic

Peak,

Duration

Trough

half-life of medication

2. What is the duration of action and the on-set of action?
3. Medication administration routes – describe each

Answer 1

Ans. Therapeutic -

Therapeutic level of drugs in the bloodstream is the range within which that drugs is expected to be effective without causing any serious problems to the patients. Test to measure the amount of a specific drug in the serum portion of blood.

Peak -

Peak action is the time when the effects of something is as strong as it can be, such as when insulin is having the most effect on blood sugar.

Duration -

The duration of action of a drug is the length of time that particular drug is effective. Duration of action is a function of several parameters including plasma half life, the time to equilibrate between plasma and target compartments, and the odd rate of the drug from its biological target.

Trough -

The trough level is the lowest concentration in the patient 's bloodstream therefore the specimen should be collected just prior to administration of the drug.

Half life of medication -

A medication biological half life refers simply to how long it takes for half of dose to be metabolized and eliminated from the blood stream. Or put another way the half life of a drugs is the time it takes for it to be reduced by half.

=>Duration of action -

The duration of action of a drug is the length of time that particular drug is effective. Duration of action is a function of several parameters including plasma half life the time to equilibrate between plasma and target compartments and the off rate of the drug from its biological target.

Onset Of Action --

Onset of action is the duration of time it takes for a drugs effects to come to prominence upon administration. With oral administration it typically ranges anywhere from 20 minutes to over an hour depending on the drugs.

Route of drugs administration

​​​​​​There are so many routes of drugs administration -

Oral route - It is very common method to drugs administration.

Oral route refers two methods of administration - applying topically to the mouth

-- swallowing for absorbation along the gestrointestinal Tract into systematic circulation

Examples - Tablets, capsules, liquids

Sublingual route -

Sublingual administration is where the dosage form is placed from is placed under the tongue rapidly absorbed by sublingual mucosa.

Subcutaneous route -

- Injected under the skin.

- Absorbation is slow, so action is prolonged

Implant a tablet or porous capsule is inserted into the loose tissue by insicion of the skin, which is stitched up. Example- certain hormonal drugs

Intramuscular route -

The medication inject into the muscle at the 90 degree of angle.

Absorbation reasonably uniform

Rapid onset of action

Mild irritatant can be given

Gastric factors can be avoided

Intravenous route -

The medication is directly Injected into the bloodstream by vein. The action of medication by this route is very fast. It's also used to avoid Gastric factors.

Intradermal -

Drugs is given within skin layers (dermis)

Mainly used for testing sensitivity to drugs. Examples - penicillin

Intraarterial--

The medication Injected into artery. But it is rarely used. Anticancer drugs are given for localized effects. Drugs used for diagnosis of peripheral Vascular diseases.

Topical --

It is the application of a drug directly to the surface of the skin. Examples - ontiment, cream.