Question

The relative metabolic activities in an organism of glycolysis + the citric acid cycle versus pentose phosphate pathway + gluconeogenesis can be measured by comparing the rates of ¹⁴CO2 generation upon administration of glucose labeled with ¹⁴C at C (1) with that of glucose labeled at C (6). Explain by justifying your answer what pathway is responsible for the loss of C1 and C6 of glucose

Answer 1

Answer:

Glycolysis :

• A six-carbon glucose molecule is converted to two, 3-carbon molecules of pyruvate. This process occurs in the cytoplasm.
• Four molecules of ATP and 2 molecules of NADH are produced; Formation of acetyl coenzyme A - Each pyruvate molecules is oxidized to carbon dioxide and a 2-carbon acetyl group.
• The TCA cycle is a set of eight catalyzed reactions and eight intermediates that break down hydrocarbon substrates into carbon dioxide (CO2) and water (H2O) using the energy released to protonate nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide converting from NAD+ to NADH or flavin adenine dinucleotide from FADH to FADH2.

Two carbon dioxide molecules:-

• The citric acid cycle is a series of reactions that produces two carbon dioxide molecules, one GTP/ATP, and reduced forms of NADH and FADH2.

Pentose phosphate pathways:

• The breakdown of the simple sugar, glucose, in glycolysis provides the first 6-carbon molecule required for the pentose phosphate pathway. During the first step of glycolysis, glucose is transformed by the addition of a phosphate group, generating glucose-6-phosphate, another 6-carbon molecule. The pentose phosphate pathway can use any available molecules of glucose-6-phosphate, whether they are produced by glycolysis or other methods.
• Glycolysis and gluconeogenesis, these pathways are mirror images of one another: the Calvin cycle uses NADPH to reduce carbon dioxide to generate hexoses, whereas the pentose phosphate pathway breaks down glucose into carbon dioxide to generate NADPH.

Gluconeogenesis :

• There are three basis steps involved in Gluconeogenesis: Pyruvate to Phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP): Then oxaloacetate is converted into phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP)by the enzyme PEP carboxykinase in a process that uses GTP (guanosine triphosphate) as energy and releases CO2 as a waste product.

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