Question

Multiple choice Questions:

1. Stimulation of the parasympathetic nervous system would cause:

		Increased diameter of pupils, dry mouth, and increased plasma free fatty acids
		Contraction of bladder detrusor muscle, bradycardia, and  increased salivation
		Decreased diameter of pupils, dry mouth, and decreased plasma free fatty acids
		Relaxation of bladder detrusor muscle, tachycardia, and  increased salivation

2 Immune defenses against bacteria and viruses are increased by:

		platelets
		fever
		chills
		inflammation

3 Stimulation of the sympathetic nervous system would cause:

		Increased diameter of pupils, dry mouth, and dilation of bronchioles
		Contraction of bladder detrusor muscle, bradycardia, and  increased salivation
		Decreased diameter of pupils, dry mouth, and decreased plasma free fatty acids
		Relaxation of bladder detrusor muscle, tachycardia, and  increased salivation

4. Venous bleeding around the brain can cause a(n):

		subdural hematoma
		epidural hematoma
		intracerebral hematoma
		cerebellar infarct

5. Demyelination of the axon in peripheral nerves is the cause of:

		Huntingtons
		Horners Syndrome
		Multiple sclerosis
		Guillian Barre Syndrome

Answer 1

Question 1) Contraction of bladder detrusor muscle, bradycardia and increased salivation - Body functions stimulated by the parasympathetic nervous system (PSNS) include sexual arousal, salivation, lacrimation, urination, digestion, and defecation. The PSNS primarily uses acetylcholine as its neurotransmitter. Peptides (such as cholecystokinin) may also act on the PSNS as neurotransmitters.

Question 2) Platelets - Platelets are anucleate blood cells that play a crucial role in the maintenance of hemostasis. Viral infections often coincide with platelet activation. Host inflammatory responses result in the release of platelet activating mediators and a pro-oxidative and pro-coagulant environment, which favors platelet activation. However, viruses can also directly interact with platelets and megakaryocytes and modulate their function. Furthermore, platelets can be activated by viral antigen–antibody complexes and in response to some viruses B-lymphocytes also generate anti-platelet antibodies. All these processes contributing to platelet activation result in increased platelet consumption and removal and often lead to thrombocytopenia, which is frequently observed during viral infection.

Question 3) Increased diameter of pupils, dry mouth, and dilation of bronchioles - the sympathetic nervous system can accelerate heart rate, widen bronchial passages, decrease motility of the large intestine, constrict blood vessels, increase peristalsis in the esophagus, cause pupillary dilation, piloerection (goose bumps) and perspiration (sweating), and raise blood pressure.

Question 4) Intracerebral hematoma - A brain hemorrhage is bleeding in or around the brain. It is a form of stroke. Causes of brain hemorrhage include high blood pressure (hypertension), abnormally weak or dilated (aneurysm) blood vessels that leak, drug abuse, and trauma. Bleeding within the brain itself is known as an intracerebral hemorrhage.

Question 5) Guillian Barre syndrome - Demyelination prevents nerves from being able to conduct messages to and from the brain. The effects of demyelination can occur rapidly. In Guillain-Barre syndrome (GBS), myelin may only be under attack for a few hours before symptoms appear.