Question

Why would the sympathetic nervous system cause the release of glucagon, while the parasympathetic nervous system cause the release of insulin?

Answer 1

	PARASYMPATHETIC NERVOUS SYSTEM	SYMPATHETIC NERVOUS SYSTEM
INTRODUCTION	The Parasympathetic Nervous Systm is one of the two main divisions of the Autonomic Nervous System(ANS).It general function is to control homeostasis and the Body's rest-and-digest response.	The Sympathetic Nevous System is one of the two main divisions of the Autonomic Nervous System.Its general action is to mobilize the body's fight-or-flght response.
FUNCTION	Control the body's response while at rest	Control the body's response during perceived threat
ORIGINATES IN	Sacral region of spinal cord,medulla,cranial nerves 3,7,9 and 10	Thoracic and Lumbar regions of spinal cord
ACTIVATES RESPONSE OF	Rest and Digest	Fight-or-Flight
NEURON PATHWAYS	Longer Pathways, Slower System	Very short neurons,Faster System
GENERAL BODY RESPONSE	Counterbalance;Restores body to state of calm	Body speeds up,tenses up,becomes more alert.

PANCREAS SECRETE:

1. Glucagon(increase glucose in blood) secreted by Alpha cells of pancreas
2. Insulin(decrease glucose in blood) secreted Beta cells of pancreas
3. Somatostatin(regulates/stops alpha and beta cells) secreted by Delta cells of pancreas
4. Pancreatic Polypeptide secreted by PP cells/Gamma cells of pancreas

SYMPATHETIC INNERVATION TO PANCREAS - originates from the sympathetic preganglionic neurons in the lower Thoracic and Upper Lumbar segments of the Spinal Cord.

• Process:Stimulation of Spanchnic Nerve, which supplies the sympathetic innervation to pancreas increases Catecholamine levels which decreases insulin secretion which release/Increase the Glucagon Secretion
• Sympathetic Innervation stimulation is to maintain the glycemic levels during stressful conditions by decreasing insulin and increasing glucagon secretion.
• Time of Release:The pancreas release Glucagon when the concentration of Insulin(Indirectly Glucose) In bloodstream falls too low

PARASYMPATHETIC INNERVATION TO PANCREAS - Originate from doral motor nucleus of the vagus(DMV)

• Process:Parasympathetic Innervation plays a major tole in regulation of pancreatic activity. Activation of vagus directly affects the exocrine and endocrine secretion.
• Stimulation of Vagus Nerve modulates the Intrinsic pacemaker activity of the pancreas which is responsible for the Pulsatile Insulin secretion.
• Time of Release : Protein food and other hormones produced by the gut in response to food also stimulate Insulin release.