Question

Choose one of the following disease/disorder/conditions to write about:

SIADH,

2.     Identify the prevalence – age range, gender, ethnicity, demographics, seasonal

3.     Describe the risk factors and prevention for the disease/disorder/condition.

4.     Discuss signs and symptoms.

5.     List diagnostics used to diagnose the disease/disorder/condition.

6.     List treatments – non-pharmacological and pharmacological.

7.     Discuss the prognosis.

Answer 1

1, SIADH:
      Syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic Hormone(SIADH) is one of the most frequent electrolyte abnormalities among patients with hyponatremia..SIADH is one of the most common underlying causes..it will decreased the sodium level less than 136 mEq/l..it also caused by diuretic use,diarrhea,heart failure,liver disease,renal disease..
2, Prevalence:
      It is higher in frail patient groups and elderly patients more than 65yrs of age with fragility fractures..Females 78% prone to this condition..post-operative peroid patients also prone for this condition..due to certain medication like antidepressants and pain medication,herat,kidney problems and chronic,severe diarrahea or vomiting can cause dehydration,drinking too much of water also can ability to excrete water..so you can loose sodium..Homonal changes in case of Addison's disease it can affect the adrenal gland and low thyroid hormone can cause this..the recreational drug Ecstasy this amphetamine can increase the risk of hyponatremia..
3, Risk factors and prevention:
           -Older age adults
      -Antidepressants and pain medication drugs
      -Certain medical condition like kidney disease and heart failure
      -Too much physical activity with drinking more water..
Prevention:
   -We need to treat their associated condition like hormaonal gland insuffiency cardiac problem to help prevent low blood sodium..
   -Educate them about antidiuretic drugs and its side effects..and symptoms
      -Avoid drinking too much of water more than body requirement..
4,Signs and symptoms:
-Nausea and vomiting
   -headache
   -drowsiness and fatigue
   -confusion
      -Restlessness
      -Muscle weakness and spasms
   -coma
      -seizures
5, Diagnosis:
      Physical examination,serum electrolytes and urine analysis,BUN level,Blood osmolality and urine osmolality
6, Treatement:
   Remove the underlying causes first
    -fluid restriction 500ml/day
    -people with severe symptoms hypotonic saline 1-2ml/kg IV in 3-4 hours should be given
    -IV infusion with furosemide for replacing sodium and potassium losses..
    -democlocycline for chronic condition it is most potent inhibitor of vasopressin action..
    -conivaptan is an antogonist of both V1A and V2 vasopressin receptors..
7, Prognosis:
    It is depend upon the underlying cause..Acute hyponateremia can occur very rapidly and dangerous than hyponatremia..it can develop over the time..when sodium going down gradually brain cells have time to adjust and there is very minimal swelling of the cells..