Question

Cardiovascular disease remains prevalent in the United States. Choose a cardiac disorder and post the latest research, treatment protocols, and possible preventative measures.

**Cite your sources in APA format.

Pathophysiology question

Answer 1

Coronary artery disease ( CAD):

Cardiovascular diseases are more prevalent in the United States. Among these disorders, Coronary artery disease act as the major reason for mortality and morbidity. A report shows that approximately 365, 900 deaths happened in 2017 , due to CAD. It is the leading cause of death both in women and men.

Coronary artery disease:

Any disease caused by the accumulation of fatty deposits in the Coronary arteries that supply blood to the Myocardium . It is also known as Coronary heart disease or Ischemic heart disease.

Risk factors and etiology

  The main etiology is :

* Atherosclerosis ( fatty plaques deposition in the blood vessels)

* Risk factors:

Obesity

Hypertension

Hypercholostrolemia

Pathophysiology

Due to etiological and risk factors

? ( leads to)

Fatty deposits or cholesterol deposits   in the inner layer of Coronary arteries

?

Plaque or atheroma formation on the lining inside the blood vessels

?

Narrowing and thickening of Arteries/ Atherosclerosis

?

Reduction in the blood flow to the heart muscles and less supply of oxygen and nutrients to the Myocardium

?

Ischemic angina, inability of heart to pump adequate blood to the different parts of body , heart attack etc.

Sign and symptoms:

* Chest pain ( angina) and chest discomfort

* pain in the arms or shoulders especially left arm

* Heart attack

* Shortness of breath

* Nausea, cold sweat and light- headedness

Treatment protocols:

Medical management:

Medical procedure:

Angioplasty and Coronary stent

Madications:

Anticoagulants / blood thinners: Aspirin

To reduce Cholesterol: Statin

Antihypertensives: ACE inhibitors, Beta blockers

Angina: Nitroglycerine , Ranolazine

Positive life style changes: weight loss, control of BP, exercise.

Surgical management:

Coronary artery bypass surgery

Preventive measures : Healthy lifestyle can prevent CAD, such as

* Avoid smoking and alcoholism

* Regular physical activity and exercise.

* Heart healthy diet with low sodium and sugar, include whole grains, vegetables and fruits.

* Maintain healthy body weight

* Intake of low fat food , avoid red meat and fried items.

* Stress Management and relaxation.

Innovative research: New research studies show that , to prevent death , Stroke and heart attack in patients with stable CAD , Guideline - directed medical therapy is effective as invasive procedures. In addition to the medications, the individual has to adapt healthy lifestyle to reduce the risk of Heart attack. This study will not apply to patients with heart failure or other complications.