Question

Describe Multiple myeloma. The following content areas are to be included in this paper: I. Explain current treatment options and best practices, emphasizing evidence based practice. Please provide references in APA. Thank you.

Answer 1

Multiple myeloma:

Myeloma is a type of cancer that develops from cells in bone marrow called plasma cells. Myeloma can be anywhere there is a bone marrow including pelvis, spine, Rib cage .etc.it

occurs in several parts of body called multiple myeloma.

pathophysiology:

Multiple myeloma causes Cancer cells to accumulate in the bone marrow, where the crowd out healthy blood cells. Rather than produce helpful antibodies, cancer cells produce abnormal proteins that cause complications.

Normal plasma cell are found in the bone marrow and an important part of immune system.

Lymphocytes are one of the main type of WBC in the immune system and include t cells and B cells. Lymphocytes are in many areas of the body such as lymph nodes, bone marrow ,intestine ,and bloodstream. When B cells respond to an infection , they mature and change into plasma cells. Plasma cells make the antibodies that help the body attack and kill germs.

Bone marrow and plasma cell is also the home for other blood cells such as Red cells, white cells, and platelets.

When plasma cells become cancerous and grow out of control this is called multiple myeloma.

signs and symptoms:

bone pain, especially iin spine or chest , vomiting,constipation ,loss of appetite,mental confusion,fatigue, frequent infection,weight loss,weakness or numbness in legs , excessive thirst.

risk factors:increase age,

Men are more likely to develop

Black race

Family history of multiple myeloma

Personal history of MGUS

complications:frequent infection , bone problems,reduced kikidney function,low red blood cells count.

Treatment:

Lenalidomide ,pomalidomide and Thalidomide are drugs that stop the growth of myeloma cells in the bone marrow.strength the immune cells.

Bortezomib,Carfilzomib and ixazomib are classified as proteasomes inhibitors.because,myeloma cells produce lot of proteins.

Elotuzumab and daratumumab are monoclonal antibodies that bind to myeloma cells.and able removal by the patients owown immune system.

Chemotherapy:use of drugs to destroy cancer cells to destroy cancer cells include cyclophosphamide ,melphalan ,cisplastin

Stem cell transplantation

Radiation therapy:use of high energy of x ray's or other particles to destroy cancer cells.

Surgery: used to treat bone diseases,especially if there is fracture,plasmacytoma.

Other practice:

Antacids or protan pump inhibitors.

Plasmapheresis:used to reduce blood thickness.

Excercise

Administration of antidepressants.

Increased fluid therapy.

Intravenous immunoglobulin.

Administration of antiviral medications.

References: http://www.cancer.net (multiple myeloma). information from American society of clinical oncology.