Question

1. Describe the process of getting the expert to identify clues (risk factors of patients’ breast cancer risks).
2. What will you ask an expert if you wish to estimate the likelihood ratio associated with "Age<9 at menarche" in predicting breast cancer risks?

Answer 1

Answer1. Firstly the patient should be educated for self examining, any of the developing symptoms inside the body like by checking both breasts and lymph nodes in your armpit. If there is any feeling for lumps or other abnormalities ,a visit to doctor is must.

The checkup will be done by the doctor and a mammogram will be made to find out the risks of breast cancer. If any findings available, then removal processes are planned.

Answer 2. Age <9 at menarche means a girl of 8 to 9 years of age have started her periods. This an uncommon thing because the normal age of getting periods is after 14 years. The hormonal functioning is the reason behind this and this could be due to any external factor, or genetic or even unknown for some.

It is studied that early menarche and late menopause is a big risk for breast cancer, because the steroid hormones being produced are responsible f or breast development. This hormone when is secreted in excess, possibly leads to cancer.

There are also many other factors like genetics, family history, body type, etc which control the ratio. But in general after considering all the expected reasons, those with early menarche to those with normal, the ratio can be predicted to be 95:5, that is, 95% will be affected with breast cancer.