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In: Biology

Discuss the physiological basis for nutrient requirements from pregnancy through the toddler years.

Discuss the physiological basis for nutrient requirements from pregnancy through the toddler years.

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Expert Solution

"Infants have to be given only mothers breast milk untill their 6 months of age" is the guideline given by the World health organisation. Breastfeeding provides all of the nutrients that a newborn requires and gives a child the best start to a healthy life.
Pregnancy begins with the first trimester (weeks one to week twelve), extends into the second trimester (weeks thirteen to week twenty-seven), and ends with the third trimester (week twenty-eight to birth). A pregnant woman’s nutritional choices affect not only fetal development, but also her own health and the future health of her newborn.

Many physiological changes of the growing baby occur during infancy. The developmental milestones after delivery include sitting up without support, learning to walk, teething, and vocalizing among many, many others. All of these changes require adequate nutrition to ensure development at the appropriate rate. Major physiological changes continue into the toddler years.
children are entirely dependent on parents or caregivers for nutrients. Parents also help to establish a child’s eating habits and attitudes toward food. So, adults must be mindful of the choices they make and how those choices influence a young child’s development, health, and overall well-being.

In the earliest days of pregnancy, major changes begin to occur. During this period, adequate nutrition supports cell division, tissue differentiation, and organ development. Therefore, women who are trying to conceive should make proper dietary choices to ensure the delivery of a healthy baby. For both men and women, adopting healthy habits also boosts general well-being and makes it possible to meet the demands of parenting.
Folate, which is also known as folic acid, is crucial for the production of DNA and RNA and the synthesis of cells. A deficiency can cause megaloblastic anemia, or the development of abnormal red blood cells, in pregnant women. It can also have a profound affect on the unborn baby. So, folate intake has the greatest impact during the first eight weeks of pregnancy. Inadequate folic acid can result in birth defects, such as spina bifida, which is the failure of the spinal column to close.

If a pregnant woman does not gain enough weight, her unborn baby will be at risk. Poor weight gain, especially in the third trimester, could result not only in low birth weight, but also infant mortality and intellectual disabilities. Pregnant women of normal weight should gain between 25 and 35 pounds in total through the entire pregnancy. As a mother’s body changes, so do her nutritional needs. Pregnant women must consume more calories and nutrients in the second and third trimesters than other adult women. pregnant women should choose a high-quality, diverse diet, consume fresh foods, and prepare nutrient-rich meals. So, nutrient-dense foods, which are higher in proportion of macronutrients and micronutrients relative to calories, are essential to a healthy diet.
consumption of alcoholic beverages must be avoided because it results in a range of abnormalities that fall under the umbrella of fetal alcohol spectrum disorders. Pregnant women should also limit caffeine intake.
during pregnancy, it is always important to avoid consuming contaminated food to prevent food poisoning.

Healthy infants grow steadily, but not always at an even pace. An infant may require feedings eight to twelve times a day or more in the beginning. After six months, infants can gradually begin to consume solid foods to help meet nutrient needs. Energy needs relative to size are much greater in an infant than an adult. The dietary recommendations for infants are based on the nutritional content of human breast milk. Almost all of the nutrients that infants require can be met if they consume an adequate amount of breast milk.


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