Question

1. The combination of the proximal and distal versions of the articulation mentioned above provides for a distinct type of joint motion discussed in class. Which of the following are those joint motions (choose all that apply)?

a. rotation b. Combination c. flexion d.supination e.abduction f. adduction g. circumduction h. extension i. pronation

2. Which of the following bones/features are included in the pelvic girdle (choose all that apply)?

femure ilium sacrum pubis pubic symphesis ischium coccyx

Answer 1

1. Flexion and Extension: ​​​​​ Theses are the movements that takes place in saggital plane and frontal axis. The movement of proximal and distal body segment close to each other is called flexion while moving proximal and distal body segment away from each other is called extension.

Example:

• Shoulder flexion and extension involves anterior and posterior movement of upper limb respectively.
• Knee flexion allows the posterior bending of leg from knee while anterior movement is known as extension.
• For vertebral column forward bending of neck or body is called flexion while backward bending is called extension. Lateral flexion is moving the body segment in left and right direction.

2. Abduction and adduction: These are the movements occur in frontal plane and saggital axis. Abduction is moving laterally away from the midline of the body and adduction is moving limb medially towards the midline of the body.

Example:

• Moving the arm laterally away is termed as abduction of shoulder while moving it medially towards body is shoulder adduction.
• Spreading the fingers is called abduction while moving it close to each other is called adduction.

3. Pronation and Supination: this takes place in vertical axis and transverse plane. These movements takes place usually in forearm. In anatomical position the arm is placed in the side of the body. In Supination this radius and ulna both are parallel to each other and in pronation there is crossing over of radius over ulna.

4. Circumduction: it is the movement of body segment in circular motion. The proximal part is usually stable and the distal one is moved in circular manner. It is a combined motion of flexion, extension, abduction and adduction.

5. Rotation: Movement of anterior segment of bone to the medial line and moving anterior segment towards lateral line is called medial and lateral rotation respectively.

Example: moving the anterior part of humerus towards the midline is called medial rotation of shoulder.

Pelvic Girdle:

Pelvic girdle consist of pair of hip bone ( hip bone is fusion of three bones ilium, ischium and pubis) connected in the anterior aspect forms pubic symphysis and sacrum in the posterior aspect. The pelvis gives attachment to many muscles that balance and support the trunk and the femur. It provides the stability to hip joint by stabilise femur in acetabulum. The movement of lumbar curve varies with the pelvic girdle movement.