Question

Write a research paper of at least 1500 words on a topic of your choice. You can select any topic which might be of interest to you provided that you can find the required resources to list in your paper.

Your research paper should include the following sections:

• Introduction
• Literature Review
• Methodology
• Results and Discussion
• Conclusion
• References

In your research paper you need to follow the APA documentation style to ensure avoiding plagiarism and the correct use of in-text citation and reference list.

Your research paper should be written in 12-point Times New Roman font, double spaces lines, and 1-inch page margins.

Your paper will be submitted on the SafeAssign system on the blackboard platform and it will be accepted only as a word document.

Your paper will be marked against content, structure, organization, language level, and the correct use of APA documentation style.

 

Answer 1

The magnitude of the human and monetary injury triggered by using tobacco is no longer in question. According to the World Health Organization, tobacco is the leading motive of preventable deaths in the world. It is presently accountable for one in ten person deaths international (about 5 million deaths every year).
If modern-day patterns continue, it will purpose ten million deaths per year via 2020. Eventually, about half of those who smoke today, approximately 650 million people worldwide, will be killed with the aid of tobacco.
The contribution of advertising and promotion to the tobacco hassle is sizable and multi-faceted. The reality underlying tobacco advertising is that thousands and thousands of the tobacco industry’s customers die from tobacco- related disorder or end every year, and the industry ought to change them in order to survive. The enterprise spends billions of greenbacks each 12 months on advertising, promotion, and sponsorship, and their personal interior
documents disclose that they have studied the tastes and wishes of these younger workable clients and targeted their advertising and marketing campaigns to them .

The Truth about Tobacco Advertising & Promotion
• The vast majority of smokers begin using tobacco before the age of 18; therefore the economics
of the tobacco industry dictates that it must target young people.


• The tobacco industry targets young people in their advertising—young people are aware of,
remember, and are receptive to tobacco advertising.
• Tobacco advertising and promotion are successful in reaching children and adolescents, thereby
increasing the likelihood that they will begin smoking.

• Advertising increases overall tobacco consumption, and, in contrast, comprehensive national
bans on advertising and promotion reduce consumption.

• Women have been extensively targeted in tobacco marketing, and tobacco companies have designed brands specifically for women.
• Advertising and promotion can enhance the social acceptability of both tobacco companies and smoking, and this is a serious public health problem because it promotes tobacco use and
undercuts the effectiveness of public health campaigns.
Researchers have suggested a number of ways in which tobacco advertising and promotion increases consumption and exacerbates the negative public health impact of tobacco use. Targeted advertising encourages children and young adults to try tobacco and initiate regular use. It can reduce current smokers’ willingness to quit smoking, increase their daily consumption, and draw former smokers back to cigarettes.

Furthermore, advertising, promoting and sponsorship can extend the social acceptability of tobacco and the tobacco enterprise amongst each adults and young people. In turn, tobacco advertising and marketing and promoting discourage adequate discussion of the fitness consequences of tobacco use in the media.
Children and Youth
• Children are nearly universally exposed to tobacco advertising and promotion earlier than the age of 11.4

• Tobacco advertising ambitions nonsmoking adolescents, a hassle made worse by using the distribution of
promotional gadgets such as shirts, hats and backpacks bearing tobacco company logos.

• Tobacco advertising and advertising foster positive attitudes among young people concerning tobacco
use, and youngsters uncovered to tobacco advertising are at increased chance of later starting to use tobacco.

• Greater exposure to tobacco promoting effects in a greater danger of starting.
• Children and young people are distinctly conscious of the most heavily promoted tobacco brands and logos. The most notorious instance of youth-targeted advertising and promotion used to be the introduction in 1988 of the Joe Camel cartoon personality promotion Camel cigarettes.
Before being terminated by way of RJ
Reynolds, Joe Camel grew to become a pervasive presence internationally. Between seventy five percentage and eighty one
percent of six-year-olds in the United States have been familiar with the Camel cartoon, and they may want to identify Joe Camel as often as Mickey Mouse.
• A 2002 monograph by means of the United States' National Cancer Institute, which reviewed the research on tobacco advertising and promotion and its impact on early life smoking, found that tobacco advertising and promotional activities are necessary catalysts in the smoking initiation process. The NCI report found, primarily based on a evaluation of the extant research, that “the conclusion that there is a causal
relationship between tobacco advertising and smoking initiation seems unassailable.”
The Social Acceptability of Tobacco
Social norms have a profound impact on the attitudes and behavior of youth and adults alike. The
pervasiveness of tobacco advertising may also have an impact on formative years initiation of smoking by way of creating the trust that smoking is normal behavior. It is additionally unrealistic to anticipate young humans to accept as true with that governments really reflect onconsideration on tobacco to be a serious fitness risk, on the one hand, whilst enabling massive tobacco
advertising and promoting on the other.
Specific Types of Tobacco Advertising, Promotion, and Sponsorship, and Special Public Health Risks Posed by Each
ADVERTISING
• Television and Radio, which include broadcast, cable, satellite, and audiovisual content delivered by using internet, mobile smartphone or different means. In general, advertising is high-quality at reaching youth, and the most closely marketed manufacturers have each the easiest stages of attention and the greatest market shares.
Example: Although tv advertising and marketing is technically banned in China, the transnational tobacco agencies have circumvented the ban through, amongst different things, televised insurance of subsidized sports events and person athletes. These consist of Marlboro emblems acting on Formula 1 race cars, sponsorship of professional basketball, and sponsorship of an Olympic gold medalist. As a result, a current study determined that Chinese excessive school ladies had been both acquainted with the marketed brands and have superb attitudes about tobacco and smoking.
Example: Although television and radio advertising can also be banned in a country, tobacco companies may continue to run corporate public relations campaigns. Recent research carried out in the United States determined that a television photo advertising marketing campaign through Philip
Morris was once designed to counter bad photographs and enlarge company recognition.
• Print, along with newspapers, magazines, and other publications. In addition to the problems associated with all varieties of tobacco advertising, such as focused on youth, paid print classified ads cause publications to censor their own coverage of tobacco-related health issues. A find out about of 99
magazines over a 25 yr duration discovered that magazines accepting cigarette advertisements had been a long way much less in all likelihood to cover the dangers of smoking than publications refusing tobacco ads.
• Billboards and other outside advertising. Historically, outside advertising has been used closely by the tobacco industry. It has also been the concern of voluntary restrictions, for instance limiting tobacco billboards close to schools. However, like other voluntary tobacco enterprise policies, these have proven ineffective.
• Point-of-sale (POS), additionally acknowledged as point-of-purchase (POP). Typically, tobacco organizations pay
incentives to shops to put up point-of-sale advertising and marketing and signage. Point-of-sale advertising and promotion has become one of the most essential tools that tobacco organizations have for promotion tobacco products.
• Internet/new media. The web and different new media such as mobile phones have the doable to be effective tools to glamorize smoking, target younger people, and extend the social acceptability of tobacco use. The tobacco enterprise has additionally begun to matter on international satellite, cable and net advertising to keep away from national ad bans.

Example: BAT has covertly operated a youth-oriented, magazine-style internet site presenting entertainment listings in Poland and Belgium.
• Direct mail. Targeted direct mail advertising has become famous amongst fundamental tobacco groups as other advertising channels have been restricted. Tobacco enterprise mailings have covered free tobacco product samples, company magazines, and branded merchandise catalogues. Bar promotions have additionally been used as opportunities to acquire names for direct mail marketing.
PROMOTION
• Merchandise, such as tobacco-branded shirts, backpacks, and hats. The distribution of branded merchandise has been successfully used to promote tobacco merchandise to young people. Nonsmoking children and young human beings who own (or choose to own) promotional merchandise are greater susceptible to smoking.
• Point-of-sale (POS) promotions. Tobacco corporations pay promotional allowances to retail shops for favorable POS product displays or to furnish free presents or discounts to customers. Other point-of-sale
promotions include awards for shops who reap goal income volumes.
In response to advertising and marketing restrictions or in anticipation of future restrictions, tobacco companies have
moved from overt television marketing to point-of-sale promotion and other extra subtle varieties of advertising and promotion.Research performed in 2007 suggests that point-of-sale advertising and marketing is associated with encouraging formative years to provoke smoking, while POS promotional things to do may additionally affect those who have already started out to grow to be ordinary smokers.
• Paid product placement in videos and television. Before 1989, it used to be common for the tobacco industry to pay to vicinity their merchandise in films. In that year, the industry adopted a voluntary ban on product placement. However, like different voluntary commitments of the industry, it used to be not wonderful in eliminating product placement. Product placement is regularly tough to distinguish from proper artistic use of tobacco merchandise in movies and television, and stays a difficulty both in Hollywood and among emerging movie industries internationally.

Free sampling. In many countries, tobacco organizations provide away free samples of tobacco products in locations the place younger people gather, such as shopping malls, rock live shows and discos.
• Distribution of promotional merchandise at hospitality, sports, entertainment, music, dance, or school venues or events.
Examples: In Sri Lanka, British American Tobacco (BAT) has backed discos in which
branded key rings, shirts, and caps are given away to the younger crowd. In Hong Kong, Philip Morris has disbursed backpacks, lighters, and other Marlboro-branded merchandise in change for empty cigarette packs.
• Indirect advertising or company stretching, in which tobacco company names or company factors are used on non-tobacco merchandise or connected to non-tobacco activities or events, is designed to proceed
promoting tobacco products even after advertising is banned.
Examples: Marlboro Classics clothing; Salem Power Station track shops; Benson and Hedges coffee shops; Camel boots, watches, and expeditions; and Winston lighters.
Examples: In 2005, mini-motorcycles (also recognized as pocket bikes or mini-bikes) with Camel and Lucky Strike branding have been sold in New Zealand. The bikes seemed to goal 12-13 year-olds boys, and had been manufactured in China. As is frequently the case with brand stretching, it used to be doubtful what, if any, direct hand the tobacco companies had in the use of their trademarks.

SPONSORSHIP
• Provision of financial or other support by the tobacco industry to organizations, events, or
individuals involved in sports, art, or entertainment, including sports or music events, athletes, sports
teams, or artists, whether or not in exchange for publicity. Sports, music, and cultural sponsorship provide numerous benefits to the tobacco industry. Sponsorship of sports events and athletes associates tobacco use with vitality and health, much as Marlboro or Virginia Slims ads have in the past. Sponsorship of rock concerts or other cultural events that attract young people make tobacco hip and sexy while countering public health efforts to educate the public about tobacco addiction and disease.
Both sports and arts sponsorship can increase the overall social acceptability of the tobacco industry and tobacco use. This, in turn, reduces fear of the health risks of tobacco use and undercuts efforts to prevent smoking or promote smoking cessation. Finally, sports or arts organizations receiving money from the tobacco industry can be enlisted as the industry’s political allies in resisting effective public health measures.
Example: British American Tobacco’s Pall Mall brand has sponsored the Czech Republic’s
international Febiofest film festival for both 2006 and 2007. BAT has simultaneously advertised Pall Mall brand clothing on billboards in Prague.
Example: British American Tobacco sponsored the Rave & Soul Street Jam in Kampala, Uganda in 2002. The event was organized by Kampala's popular Club Silk, and featured advertising and merchandise for BAT's Benson and Hedges cigarette brand. In spite of an 18-or-older policy, the club was crowded with youth as young as 13.25
• Provision of financial or other support by the tobacco industry to venue operators such as pubs, bars, or clubs. As restrictions are imposed on the most blatant forms of advertising and promotion, tobacco companies continually innovate and invest in less visible promotions. Sponsorship of bars and golf equipment has proved noticeably popular amongst tobacco companies, perhaps because of the preponderance of young humans in these venues.
Example: BAT has sponsored a disco in Beijing to promote its 555 manufacturer of cigarettes. Free cigarettes and advertising providing the 555 brand are prominently featured.
Advertising Bans Reduce Tobacco Use
• Strong, comprehensive legal guidelines that dispose of all varieties of tobacco marketing and promoting reduce tobacco consumption and consequently forestall tobacco-related disorder and death.

• A recent evaluation of tobacco consumption and advertising and marketing bans in 102 nations discovered that a comprehensive set of tobacco marketing bans can decrease tobacco consumption, whereas a partial ban will have little or no effect.

• Research on 22 international locations published in 2000 indicated that a complete advertising and promotion ban can minimize cigarette smoking by means of 7.4 percentage and basic tobacco consumption via 5.4 percent.
• Four nations with tobacco advertising bans as part of a comprehensive tobacco control policy experienced per capita savings in cigarette consumption of between 14 percentage and 37 percent.