Question

Your original post must well detailed and should demonstrate an understanding and ability to apply relevant key concepts. In addition to your original post, you should respond to at least two of your peers. Make your responses constructive, and include your sources of information where applicable.

The Uruguay Round of the GATT began a process of phasing out the use of voluntary export restraints. Why did they come into widespread use in the 1980s? For instance, given that VERs (voluntary export restraints) are a form of quotas, and that they create quota rents and a larger reduction in national welfare than tariffs, why did nations use them instead of tariffs?

The GATT strongly favors tariffs as a protective measure over quotas or other non-tariff measures. It encourages new members to convert quotas to their tariff equivalents. One of the main reasons that tariffs are preferred is because they are more transparent, particularly by comparison to non-tariff measures. Explain the idea of transparency and how non-tariff measures may be non-transparent. Use examples to support your arguments.

Answer 1

In an organization, there always exist an organizational behaviour. These organizational behaviour is the actual foundation for the organizational culture which obviously leads to organizational growth and development.

It is mandatory for each employee to follow the organizational behaviour. Keeping puncutality, responding and reporting to the higher authorities at the time, complete the task successfully within the time period, behave well with collegues and also with other seniors and juniors. Use polite language, give priority to the clients or customers, etc. are comes under organizational behaviour. Each employee should strictly follow organizational ethics.  

At present I am working in an organization, a Public Sector Undertaking, which comes under the State Government. Being work as a middle level officer it is our ultimate to reponsibility to provide informations collected and present it before our immediate officers through them  it will reach to the CEOs or the Head of the Instittions. It should always keep in mind that informations are highly perishable. That means if the information did not reach to the place, or person at the right time it is of no use at all. If it is an information which should get mass response, and if it did not reach at the right, we can't imagine what the amount of negative impact it will bring. For eg. weather report.

In most of the cases the organizations are hiring experience and trained employees. In many cases on the job training is also provided. Hence year by year they became better in the particular area where they work and most of them even do excellent performance.  

But in certain situations in addtion to our immediate officers and the fixed amount of work, we have to attend some additional work and also we have to deal with peers. This will not be always comfortable. But we have to deal with such situations diplomatically. Here comes the importance of advanced mangement strategies.  

In order to make the organizations smooth running successful, the most important strategy which we can adopt is transparent and reglar communication skills. If we already have such an attractive and transparent commnication skill it will be a great advantage. If we don't have, and if we wish to have it can attain through  attending continuous training programme.

GATT

General Ageement on Tariff and Trade is a legal agreement signed by 23 countries. The objective of this agreement is to reduce the barriers of international trade. Under this GATT agreement international trade began to conduct preserving significant regulations. At the same time it tried to eliminate or reduce tariffs, quotas and such other existing regulatory measures.

The primary objective of this GATT agreement was the global economic recovery through reconstructing and liberalising global trade. In order toachieve the objective GATT established a set of standards to help and direct the contracting parties to practice and participate in international trade. GATT steps forward for multilatteral negotiations which helped to attain a significant reduction in tariffs.

The most remarkable negotiation condcted by GATT is the Uruguay negotiation. It reslted an average tariff cut of 39% - Another achievement of GATT agreement is that it helped to reduce the discrimination between tariff and trade. Raising of standards of living of all the contracting parties to attain a progressive development was another objective.  

A voluntary export restraint is a limit imposed by the government on the quanity of certain goods of a country for a fixed period of time. This is a strategy which reduces the chances of the importing countries to implement trade barriers. This protects the industries in their early growth stages from their established competitors. That is why many developing nations favours this strategy.

Transparancy is a world trade organization principle. It states that policies and reglations in connection with foreign trade should be clearly communicated to the partiipating countries. The effect tariff in this case is always more transparent than quotas. Quotas are moreimportant in the domestic import cases. It helps to increase the import volume. On the other hand tariff is more protective in the case of decrease in import volumes.