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Electrolyte imbalance

Electrolyte imbalance

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Expert Solution

Electrolyte imbalance

Potassium(3.6-5.4mg/dl)

1.Hypokalemia

K+<3.6mg/dl

Etiology

  • Vomiting
  • Diarrhea
  • Diaphoresis
  • Suctioning
  • Hyperinsulinism
  • Alkalosis
  • DKA

Clinical features

  • Constipation
  • Paralytic ileus
  • Vomiting
  • Abdominal distention

Ecg shows ST depression,flat T wave,prominent U wave.

Management

  • Oral K+.
  • KCL infusion
  • Diet vegetables-cabbage,tomato,spinach carrot.
  • Fruits_banana,guava,orange,tender coconut water.

2Hyperkalemia

K+>5.4mg/dl

Etiology

  • Traumatic injury-burns
  • Renal failure
  • Acidosis

Manifestation

  • Diarrhea
  • Hyperactive bowel sounds.
  • Ecg tall T waves
  • Prolonged PR,flat Pwaves,widened QRS

Management

  • Dialysis
  • Ion exchange resin-Kayexalate-sodium polystyremine sulfonate
  • Diuretics
  • To force K+from ECF to ICF
  • Insulin+Dextrose,NaCHO3-correct acidosis.
  • Salbutamol-stimulates Beta cells of pancreas to produce insulin,Cardiac protection-Calcium gluconate.

Hypocalcemia. Hypercalcemia

Etiology

  • Decreased vitamin D intake
  • Hyper phosphatemia.
  • Acute pancreatitis
  • Hypoparathyroidism

Etiology

  • Malignancy
  • Thiazide diuretics.
  • Hyperparathyroidism
  • Immobilization.

Clinical manifestation

  • Numbness
  • Tingling
  • Cramp
  • Tetany
  • Trousseau sign
  • Chvostek sign
  • Seizure
  • Diarrhea
  • Laryngeal spasm.
  • Arrythmias
  • Decreased reflexes.
  • Constipation
  • Renal calculi.
  • Bone fracture

Management

  • Calcium gluconate
  • Calcium supplements
  • Calcitonin

Nightingale answered 2 years ago
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