Electrolyte imbalance
Potassium(3.6-5.4mg/dl)
1.Hypokalemia
K+<3.6mg/dl
Etiology
- Vomiting
 
- Diarrhea
 
- Diaphoresis
 
- Suctioning
 
- Hyperinsulinism
 
- Alkalosis
 
- DKA
 
Clinical features
- Constipation
 
- Paralytic ileus
 
- Vomiting
 
- Abdominal distention
 
Ecg shows ST depression,flat T wave,prominent U wave.
Management
- Oral K+.
 
- KCL infusion
 
- Diet vegetables-cabbage,tomato,spinach carrot.
 
- Fruits_banana,guava,orange,tender coconut water.
 
2Hyperkalemia
K+>5.4mg/dl
Etiology
- Traumatic injury-burns
 
- Renal failure
 
- Acidosis
 
Manifestation
- Diarrhea
 
- Hyperactive bowel sounds.
 
- Ecg tall T waves
 
- Prolonged PR,flat Pwaves,widened QRS
 
Management
- Dialysis
 
- Ion exchange resin-Kayexalate-sodium polystyremine
sulfonate
 
- Diuretics
 
- To force K+from ECF to ICF
 
- Insulin+Dextrose,NaCHO3-correct acidosis.
 
- Salbutamol-stimulates Beta cells of pancreas to produce
insulin,Cardiac protection-Calcium gluconate.
 
Hypocalcemia. Hypercalcemia
| 
 Etiology 
- Decreased vitamin D intake
 
- Hyper phosphatemia.
 
- Acute pancreatitis
 
- Hypoparathyroidism
 
 
 | 
 Etiology 
- Malignancy
 
- Thiazide diuretics.
 
- Hyperparathyroidism
 
- Immobilization.
 
 
 | 
| 
 Clinical manifestation 
- Numbness
 
- Tingling
 
- Cramp
 
- Tetany
 
- Trousseau sign
 
- Chvostek sign
 
- Seizure
 
- Diarrhea
 
- Laryngeal spasm.
 
- Arrythmias
 
 
 | 
- Decreased reflexes.
 
- Constipation
 
- Renal calculi.
 
- Bone fracture
 
 
 | 
| 
 Management 
- Calcium gluconate
 
- Calcium supplements
 
 
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