Question

summarize this topic in 2 full long paragraphs : (( Fungal endophytes: modifiers of plant disease))( not only copy paste from other articles please ) ?

Answer 1

Plants resist pathogens with induced genetic defenses. As disease develops in susceptible plants, symptoms appear in the host. The severity of these symptoms is thought to depend on host genetic susceptibility, pathogen virulence, and an abiotic environment conducive to infection. However, it is now apparent that endophytes can also influence the severity of disease symptoms. In particular, endophytes have been shown to decrease or increase plant disease severity in functional assays that include susceptible plants, virulent pathogens, and an abiotic environment conducive to these interactions. Endophytes are more diverse and abundant than pathogens within the plant microbiome, yet their involvement in plant defense is under-appreciated. Endophyte disease modification in F. japonica and P. trichocarpa is representative of a broader pattern found across all studies: a taxonomically diverse group of commonly occurring fungal endophytes can modify disease severity. The eight fungal genera found to commonly antagonize pathogens occur in five different fungal orders within the phylum ascomycota (Hypocreales, Eurotiales, Sordariales, Dothideales and Saccharomycetales) and thus clearly illustrate that disease modification is an ecological function that is not narrowly phylogenetically constrained. Even ascribing ecological function at the genus level may prove difficult when taxonomic groups like Fusarium and Penicillium include pathogen antagonists, pathogen facilitators, and pathogens themselves. Moreover, the ecological function of endophytes may also vary within a fungal species.

Plants oppose pathogens with initiated hereditary safeguards. As illness creates in helpless plants, indications show up in the host. The seriousness of these side effects is thought to rely upon have hereditary helplessness, pathogen harmfulness, and an abiotic situation helpful for disease. Nonetheless, it is presently obvious that endophytes can likewise impact the seriousness of disease manifestations. Specifically, endophytes have been appeared to decline or increment plant disease seriousness in practical tests that incorporate helpless plants, harmful pathogens, and an abiotic situation helpful for these collaborations. Endophytes are more different and plenteous than pathogens inside the plant microbiome, yet their association in plant protection is undervalued. Endophyte sickness adjustment in F. japonica and P. trichocarpa is illustrative of a more extensive example found over all examinations: a systematically different group of ordinarily happening parasitic endophytes can change infection seriousness. The eight contagious genera found to normally offend pathogens happen in five distinctive parasitic requests inside the phylum ascomycota (Hypocreales, Eurotiales, Sordariales, Dothideales and Saccharomycetales) and in this way plainly represent that infection change is a natural capacity that isn't barely phylogenetically obliged. Notwithstanding crediting natural capacity at the class level may demonstrate troublesome when scientific categorizations like Fusarium and Penicillium incorporate pathogen enemies, pathogen facilitators, and pathogens themselves. In addition, the environmental capacity of endophytes may likewise shift inside a parasitic animal categories.